1	"Fruiting heads grouped into conceptacles or clusters surrounded by ±fused bracts, often forming burrs, or spiny, sessile in the axils of leaves along the stems (male capitula sometimes in terminal or axillary ±spikelike clusters)"	2
1	"Fruiting heads not axillary conceptacles or burrs, or if with stiff barbed bristles, then in terminal heads"	6
2	"Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above"	3
2	"Leaves alternate or in basal rosette"	5
3	"Leaves deeply divided"	Ambrosia
3	"Leaves entire, toothed or rarely shallowly lobed"	4
4	"Fruits achenes with 2 terminal spines in heads surrounded by loose bracts"	"Calyptocarpus: Calyptocarpus vialis"
4	"Fruits achenes enclosed in spiny conceptacle of fused bracts"	"Acanthospermum: Acanthospermum hispidum"
5	"Leaves deeply divided"	Ambrosia
5	"Leaves entire, toothed, or if lobed or pinnately divided then fruits covered with hooked spines"	Xanthium
6	"Flower heads with all florets with rays"	7
6	"Flower heads with a mixture of ray and tubular/filiform florets, or all tubular/filiform florets"	30
7	"Florets blue or violet, rarely white"	8
7	"Florets (at least outer ones) yellow to orange"	10
8	"Pappus of minute scales"	"Cichorium: Cichorium intybus"
8	"Pappus of plumose hairs (marginal achenes sometimes not plumose)"	9
9	"Leaves linear, grass-like, entire"	"Tragopogon: Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. porrifolius"
9	"Leaves oblong, margins toothed, sinuate or pinnatifid"	Hypochaeris
10	"Receptacle paleate"	Hypochaeris
10	"Receptacle epaleate"	11
11	"Involucral bracts in 1 whorl (2 whorls in Leontodon, but outer whorl tiny)"	12
11	"Involucral bracts in more than 1 whorl, usually gradate"	14
12	"Pappus of scales or bristles"	Leontodon
12	"Pappus hairs plumose"	13
13	"Leaves oblanceolate to lyrate, margins toothed to pinnatisect"	"Urospermum: Urospermum picroides"
13	"Leaves linear, grass-like, entire"	"Tragopogon: Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. porrifolius"
14	"All leaves in a basal rosette"	15
14	"Leaves basal and/or cauline"	19
15	"Outer involucral bracts spreading or recurved at maturity"	Taraxacum
15	"All bracts clasping and tightly appressed"	16
16	"Pappus of plumose hairs on central achenes only (scales on outer ones)"	Leontodon
16	"Pappus of bristles or scales"	17
17	"Pappus of long scales or of bristles broader at the base"	"Microseris: Microseris walteri"
17	"Pappus of scabrid bristles which are not broader at base"	18
18	"Taprooted perennial herbs; achenes usually beaked"	Taraxacum
18	"Stoloniferous herb, rooting at nodes; achenes not beaked"	"Launaea: Launaea sarmentosa"
19	"Achenes beaked apically"	20
19	"Achenes not beaked, abruptly constricted apically or gradually tapering"	24
20	"Pappus hairs plumose"	21
20	"Pappus hairs simple or at most minutely scabridulous"	22
21	"Outer involucral bracts conspicuously cordate to broadly ovate"	"Helminthotheca: Helminthotheca echioides"
21	"Outer involucral bracts not broadly ovate or cordate"	Picris
22	"Achenes strongly compressed"	Lactuca
22	"Achenes not compressed"	23
23	"Achene with 1 or more rings of teeth (scales) below beak"	"Chondrilla: Chondrilla juncea"
23	"Achenes without teeth below beak"	Crepis
24	"Achenes strongly compressed"	25
24	"Achenes not or hardly compressed"	26
25	"Achenes elongate-elliptic"	Sonchus
25	"Achenes flask-shaped"	"Actites: Actites megalocarpus"
26	"Pappus of scales (inner achene pappus scales sometimes awned)"	Leontodon
26	"Pappus of bristles or absent"	27
27	"Achenes with 6 to several ribs"	28
27	"Achenes rough and 4-ribbed or 4-angled"	29
28	"Stem leaves with clasping auricles"	Crepis
28	"Stem leaves lacking clasping auricles"	Tolpis
29	"Pappus scale-like, broadened at base"	Tolpis
29	"Pappus of fine silky hairs"	Reichardia
30	"Outer florets with obvious rays (> 3mm long)"	31
30	"All florets tubular and/or filiform, or ray florets with short inconspicuous rays (<3 mm long); involucral bracts sometimes coloured and spreading, resembling rays"	99
31	"Leaves opposite, at least towards base of plant"	32
31	"Leaves alternate (spirally arranged) and/or in a basal rosette"	50
32	"Bracts and whole plant covered with glandular hairs"	Sigesbeckia
32	"Bracts and whole plant without glandular hairs"	33
33	"Corolla of outer florets longer than (7–) 8 mm"	34
33	"Corolla of outer florets up to 5 mm long (4–7 mm in Centromadia {Centromadia pungens})"	42
34	"Leaves entire, toothed or shallowly lobed"	35
34	"Leaves (at least lower ones) deeply lobed"	41
35	"Leaves sessile and clasping stem"	"Zinnia: Zinnia elegans"
35	"Leaves petiolate or constricted towards base, not clasping"	36
36	"Pappus of many hairs"	37
36	"Pappus of few hairs, absent, or a cup"	38
37	"Plants prostrate or procumbent perennial herb"	"Tridax: Tridax procumbens"
37	"Plants erect shrubs or subshrubs"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
38	"Achenes winged"	"Verbesina: Verbesina encelioides var. encelioides"
38	"Achenes angled or compressed but without wings"	39
39	"Pericarp thickened and extended above pappus, forming a cup"	"Sphagneticola: Sphagneticola trilobata"
39	"Pericarp if thickened, sometimes forming wings, but not a cup, or not thickened"	40
40	"Paleae soft, membranous"	"Acmella: Acmella grandiflora"
40	"Paleae stiff, cartilaginous"	Apowollastonia
41	"Lobes of leaves up to 2 mm wide"	Cosmos
41	"Lobes of leaves 4–50 mm wide"	"Coreopsis: Coreopsis lanceolata"
42	"Receptacle epaleate"	Tagetes
42	"Receptacle paleate"	43
43	"Pappus of awns, bristles or scales"	44
43	"Pappus absent, rarely a cup, or very short hairs or scales"	45
44	"Leaves pinnately divided (at least basally)"	Bidens
44	"Leaves entire or toothed"	"Galinsoga: Galinsoga parviflora"
45	"Involucral bracts covered with stalked glands"	Sigesbeckia
45	"Involucral bracts without glands"	46
46	"Tubular florets sterile;"	Pentalepis
46	"All florets fertile; involucral bracts numerous in 2 or more whorls"	47
47	"Receptacle conical"	"Acmella: Acmella grandiflora"
47	"Receptacle flat or slightly convex"	48
48	"Paleae blunt or truncate"	Blainvillea
48	"Paleae acute"	49
49	"Outer achenes 3-angled in section, inner ones 2-angled, often winged"	Eclipta
49	"All achenes similar, sometimes angled, rarely winged"	Apowollastonia
50	"Pappus present and usually prominent"	51
50	"Pappus absent, reduced to less than 1 mm, or a cup"	76
51	"Leaves linear in clusters along stem"	Diodontium
51	"Leaves alternate, cauline, if clustered then not linear"	52
52	"Involucral bracts in 1 whorl, usually fused, rarely with a few much shorter ones basally"	53
52	"Involucral bracts in 2 to several whorls, free"	55
53	"Pappus scale-like"	Gazania
53	"Pappus of hairs or bristles"	54
54	"Leaves with distinct lamina & petiole; petiole 5 cm or more long"	"Roldana: Roldana petasitis"
54	"Leaves sessile, rarely petiolate, and then petiole much less than 5 cm long"	Senecio
55	"Receptacle paleate"	56
55	"Receptacle rough or pitted but lacking paleae"	60
56	"Plants usually exceeding 1 m tall, and with 1–several erect branches"	57
56	"Plants with basal rootstock, somewhat branched; branches up to 50 cm"	58
57	"Pappus of short bristles; rays lobed or distinctly toothed"	"Verbesina: Verbesina encelioides var. encelioides"
57	"Pappus of deciduous scales; rays scarcely toothed"	Helianthus
58	"Pappus of 2 deciduous scales"	Helianthus
58	"Pappus of 2 persistent awns, or of 6–10 persistent scales"	59
59	"Achenes flattened and winged"	"Diodontium: Diodontium filifolium"
59	"Achenes cylindrical"	"Glossocardia: Glossocardia bidens"
60	"Involucral bracts fused into a tube basally"	Gazania
60	"Involucral bracts in several whorls, free"	61
61	"At least some leaves divided or lobed"	62
61	"Leaves entire and linear, or toothed"	65
62	"Ray florets sterile"	63
62	"Ray florets female"	64
63	"Outer pappus obovate scale, inner pappus bristles"	Ursinia
63	"All pappus small scales"	Arctotheca
64	"Achenes with 3 wing-like ridges on 1 side; pappus of scales"	"Arctotis: Arctotis stoechadifolia"
64	"Achenes ribbed but not winged; pappus of bristles"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
65	"Inner involucral bracts dry and membranous"	66
65	"All involucral bracts herbaceous, or sometimes with membranous margins"	68
66	"Achenes with a short neck below pappus"	Dittrichia
66	"Achenes cylindrical, without a neck"	67
67	"Style branches slender and pointed"	"Allopterigeron: Allopterigeron filifolius"
67	"Style branches short and blunt"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
68	"Fruits beaked"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
68	"Fruits not beaked"	69
69	"Ray florets in 2 or more whorls"	70
69	"Ray florets in 1 whorl"	71
70	"Involucral bracts and receptacle glandular; ligules 2-4-lobed"	Streptoglossa
70	"Involucral bracts and receptacle not glandular; ligules entire"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
71	"Pappus a double row of brick red bristles, outer short, inner long"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
71	"Pappus 1-seriate or if a double row of bristles, not brick red and of 2 lengths"	72
72	"All florets fertile (inner disc florets sterile in Grindelia)"	73
72	"Either disc or ray florets sterile"	75
73	"Pappus of 2-10 simple caducous awns"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
73	"Pappus usually of barbellate or plumose bristles or awns or absent"	74
74	"Ray florets with staminodes"	"Trichocline:Trichocline spathulata"
74	"Ray florets without staminodes"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
75	"Ray florets female; disc florets usually staminate; pappus of scales, or rarely plumose bristles or absent (pseudo-pappus of barbellate awns derived from pericarp)"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
75	"Ray florets neuter; disc florets bisexual; pappus and pseudo-pappus not as above"	Arctotheca
76	"Plants tufted, with linear leaves, old leaves clothing base"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
76	"Plants erect, or if with a basal rosette, then leaves not linear"	77
77	"Achenes with a beak"	78
77	"Achenes abruptly constricted at apex, not beaked or rostrate"	79
78	"Achenes polymorphic, some rostrate; rays yellow"	"Oligocarpus: Oligocarpus calendulaceus"
78	"Achenes monomorphic, all shortly beaked; rays white to purple"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
79	"Involucral bracts with a terminal spine"	80
79	"Involucral bracts without terminal spine"	81
80	"Perennials; leaves with spines"	"Berkheya: Berkheya rigida"
80	"Annuals; leaves without spines"	"Gorteria: Gorteria personata"
81	"Receptacle epaleate"	82
81	"Receptacle paleate"	96
82	"All florets producing achenes, or only disc florets producing achenes"	83
82	"Only outer florets producing achenes"	92
83	"Only disc florets producing achenes"	"Mauranthemum: Mauranthemum paludosum"
83	"All florets producing achenes"	84
84	"Achenes heteromorphic, inner and outer achenes different"	85
84	"Achenes homomorphic"	90
85	"Annual herbs"	86
85	"Perennial herbs, without glands"	89
86	"Plants glandular-puberulous"	87
86	"Plants not glandular-puberulous (achenes dimorphic)"	88
87	"Achenes dimorphic, 2- and 3-angled"	"Dimorphotheca: Dimorphotheca"
87	"Achenes polymorphic, curved or straight, winged or wingless, sometimes rostrate"	"Oligocarpus: Oligocarpus calendulaceus"
88	"Achenes entirely lacking pappus"	Glebionis
88	"Achenes with a very short scarious pappus, a solitary scale on ray achenes, a short ring on disc achenes"	"Matricaria: Matricaria chamomilla"
89	"Ray achenes shortly winged"	"Argyranthemum: Argyranthemum frutescens"
89	"Ray achenes ±terete"	"Leucanthemum: Leucanthemum ×superbum"
90	"Receptacle convex to conical"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
90	"Receptacle flat"	91
91	"Achenes oblong to obovoid"	"Cymbonotus: Cymbonotus preissianus"
91	"Achenes prominently winged"	"Monoculus: Monoculus monstrosus"
92	"Achenes with fleshy outer tissue"	"Chrysanthemoides: Chrysanthemoides monilifera"
92	"Achenes all dry"	93
93	"Achenes with prominent wings"	"Osteospermum: Osteospermum ecklonis"
93	"Achenes without wings"	94
94	"Outer involucral bracts much longer than inner ones"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
94	"Involucral bracts c. equisized"	95
95	"Inner disc florets fertile"	Cotula
95	"Inner disc florets functionally staminate"	"Leptinella: Leptinella drummondii"
96	"Capitula small and in terminal clusters"	"Achillea: Achillea millefolium"
96	"Capitula larger and individually pedunculate or solitary"	97
97	"Leaves lobed to almost entire"	"Cymbonotus: Cymbonotus preissianus"
97	"Leaves deeply divided"	98
98	"Paleae longer than outer florets"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
98	"Paleae shorter than florets"	"Anthemis: Anthemis cotula"
99	"Styles with a tuft of hairs below the stigmatic branches; receptacles paleate with scales or bristles (receptacle with a single floret in Echinops); leaves usually spine-tipped (spiny thistles)"	100
99	"Styles lacking tuft of hairs below stigmatic branches; receptacles epaleate, or if with scales then leaves opposite and not spiny (Parthenium has alternate leaves, deciduous paleae; Pilbara has paleae and alternate leaves)"	111
100	"Receptacle epaleate, glabrous"	"Onopordum: Onopordum acaulon"
100	"Receptacle paleate with scales or setae"	101
101	"Receptacle with scales"	102
101	"Receptacle with setae"	103
102	"Floret corollas yellow"	"Berkheya: Berkheya rigida"
102	"Floret corollas purple, pink or white"	Cirsium
103	"Involucral bracts leaf-like and loose"	104
103	"Involucral bracts scale-like and more or less appressed"	105
104	"Achenes compressed, flat"	Centaurea
104	"Achenes 4-angled"	Carthamus
105	"Achenes obliquely attached to receptacle"	106
105	"Achenes vertically attached to receptacle"	108
106	"Pappus deciduous"	"Leuzea: Leuzea repens"
106	"Pappus persistent, rarely absent"	107
107	"Pappus absent"	Centaurea
107	"Pappus persistent"	Centaurea
108	"Achenes compressed"	109
108	"Achenes terete"	110
109	"Leaves uniformly green on upper surface"	"Cynara: Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens"
109	"Leaves white-veined or variegated on upper surface"	"Silybum: Silybum marianum"
110	"Pappus hairs simple or barbellate"	Carduus
110	"Pappus hairs plumose"	"Cynara: Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens"
111	"Leaves alternate (spirally arranged) or in a basal rosette"	112
111	"Leaves opposite, at least towards base of plant"	211
112	"Involucral bracts usually gradated, in 2 or more whorls and free, or flower heads compound"	113
112	"Involucral bracts ±equisized and fused in a single whorl, sometimes with a few very short bracts at base; flower heads simple capitula"	180
113	"Flower heads compound, with capitula tightly clustered and densely surrounded by scales and leaves, rarely scales and leaves absent"	114
113	"Flower heads not as above (usually of single capitula), sessile or stalked"	127
114	"Secondary involucre (sometimes small) of densely clustered leaves and/or bracts enclosing compound heads"	115
114	"Secondary involucre absent, with just a few loosely arranged leaves below the compound head"	123
115	"Leaves opposite petiolate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
115	"Leaves alternate radicle or opposite sessile"	116
116	"Compound head surrounded by numerous white or yellow scales"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
116	"Compound head surrounded by few scales or leaves"	117
117	"Receptacle paleate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
117	"Receptacle epaleate"	118
118	"Corolla hairy"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
118	"Corolla glabrous"	119
119	"Outer florets female and/or all florets filiform"	120
119	"All florets tubular and bisexual"	121
120	"Plant stemless"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
120	"Plants with erect stems"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
121	"Pappus plumose, as long as or longer than corolla; plants prostrate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
121	"Pappus absent, or of various types, but if as long as corolla, plants erect"	122
122	"Glabrous erect herb dichotomously branching from below terminal capitulum"	"Flaveria: Flaveria trinervia"
122	"Usually hairy herbs, irregularly branching, lateral inflorescences rarely overtopping terminal ones"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
123	"Individual capitulum with all florets alike (homogamous)"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
123	"Individual capitula with 2 types of florets (heterogamous)"	124
124	"Achenes tapering into a terminal beak"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
124	"Achenes more or less abruptly constricted below pappus"	125
125	"Stems not winged (if leaves decurrent, not along whole internode)"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
125	"Stems winged"	126
126	"Pappus bristle-like"	Pterocaulon
126	"Pappus absent"	Sphaeranthus
127	"Involucral bracts herbaceous, rarely with membranous margins, and tip appressed"	128
127	"At least some (often all) involucral bracts dry, papery and/or membranous or cartilagineous, and apices often recurved or spreading, mimicking ray florets"	155
128	"Pappus absent or cup-shaped (absent on achenes)"	129
128	"Pappus present"	144
129	"Achenes beaked"	130
129	"Achenes not beaked, more or less abruptly constricted towards apex"	131
130	"Achenes cylindrical; plants erect"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
130	"Achenes compressed; plants with basal rosette, rarely almost erect"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
131	"Ray floret corollas blue to purple"	132
131	"Ray floret corollas yellow or white, rarely tinged red, or lacking ray florets (Centipeda, Abrotanella)"	133
132	"Achenes smooth"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
132	"Achenes ribbed or angled"	"Pleurocarpaea: Pleurocarpaea denticulata"
133	"Involucral bracts leaf-like; florets subtended by paleae"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
133	"Involucral bracts herbaceous; paleae minute or absent"	134
134	"Achenes terete or 3- or more angled"	135
134	"Achenes compressed but often ribbed"	140
135	"Leaves entire or almost so"	136
135	"Leaves toothed or deeply divided"	137
136	"All florets bisexual"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
136	"Outer florets female; inner florets bisexual or male"	Centipeda
137	"Leaves with a few teeth towards apex or evenly serrate, but never deeply divided"	Centipeda
137	"Leaves deeply divided"	138
138	"Plants usually >50 cm tall"	"Artemisia: Artemisia arborescens"
138	"Plants usually <50 cm tall"	139
139	"Plants glabrous; disc greenish"	"Matricaria: Matricaria chamomilla"
139	"Plants sparsely hairy; disc yellow"	Oncosiphon
140	"Pappus of bristle-like hairs"	Blumea
140	"Pappus absent or minute"	141
141	"Capitula sessile, achenes spinous apically"	142
141	"Capitula on distinct peduncle; achenes lacking spines"	143
142	"Achenes with 2 ciliate horns on both sides of apex"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
142	"Achenes with 2 spiny wings and persistent, spinescent style"	"Soliva: Soliva sessilis"
143	"All leaves in basal rosette"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
143	"Leaves basal and cauline"	Cotula
144	"Pappus of at least fertile flowers scale-like"	145
144	"Pappus hair-like, sometimes barbed"	146
145	"Florets tubular, 5-lobed"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
145	"Outer florets filiform, 2- or 3-lobed"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
146	"Pappus rose or pink"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
146	"Pappus white or yellow but florets sometimes purple"	147
147	"Outer florets filiform (sometimes few)"	148
147	"Outer florets various but not filiform"	149
148	"Leaves toothed or lobed, rarely entire; filiform florets numerous"	Blumea
148	"Leaves entire; filiform florets few"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
149	"Achenes beaked"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
149	"Achenes not beaked, abruptly constricted towards apex"	150
150	"All florets tubular"	151
150	"Outer florets filiform or with rays"	152
151	"Achenes 5–10 ribbed"	"Pilbara: Pilbara trudgenii"
151	"Achenes lacking ribs"	Cyanthillium
152	"Outer achenes flat, inner ones terete"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
152	"All achenes similar or aborted"	153
153	"Fruits flat"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
153	"Fruits terete, rarely slightly compressed"	154
154	"Involucral bracts linear; herbs"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
154	"Involucral bracts ovate with dry margins; shrubs or subshrubs"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
155	"Achenes with two thick spines apically; pappus absent"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
155	"Achenes lacking spines, or spines slender; pappus usually present"	156
156	"Pappus absent, cup-shaped or much reduced"	157
156	"Pappus of hairs, bristles or scales"	161
157	"Corolla and whole plant glandular"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
157	"Corolla glabrous or rarely leaves glandular"	158
158	"Involucral bracts broadly ovate, apices not spreading; paleae equalling or exceeding florets"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
158	"Involucral bracts usually lanceolate to elliptic, apices spreading or not; paleae absent or usually shorter than florets"	159
159	"Receptacle paleate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
159	"Receptacle epaleate"	160
160	"All florets alike"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
160	"Outer florets filiform"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
161	"Achenes abruptly constricted into neck or beak below pappus"	162
161	"Achenes lacking neck or beak below pappus"	164
162	"Involucral bracts with petaloid spreading tips"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
162	"Involucral bracts appressed and membranous"	163
163	"Plants with glandular hairs, aromatic; capitula sessile"	Dittrichia
163	"Plants lacking glandular hairs; capitula pedunculate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
164	"Middle involucral bracts pouched"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
164	"No bracts pouched"	165
165	"Plants with 2 types of capitula (tubular florets, tubular and/or filiform)"	166
165	"Plants with all capitula similar"	167
166	"Mat- or hummock-forming plants, capitula cup-shaped"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
166	"Shrubs or subshrubs; capitula cylindrical"	Cratystylis
167	"Outer florets with short rays; achene shed in complex structure including paleae and bracts"	"Parthenium: Parthenium hysterophorus"
167	"Outer florets lacking rays; achenes shed independently of paleae and bracts"	168
168	"All florets in capitulum filiform"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
168	"All florets in capitulum either tubular or filiform & tubular"	169
169	"Outer slender or filiform florets rare or absent"	170
169	"Outer filiform florets in several rows"	172
170	"Pappus hair-like, simple, barbed or plumose"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
170	"Pappus scaly at least at base, if hair-like and plumose, then inner involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, pointed"	171
171	"Florets all similar and bisexual"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
171	"Outer florets filiform, female"	"Coleocoma: Coleocoma centaurea"
172	"Leaves obovate spathulate, 4 mm long"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
172	"Leaves linear-lanceolate, oblanceolate, usually more than 8 mm long"	173
173	"Perennials, usually shrubs or subshrubs"	174
173	"Annual herbs, rarely with slightly woody base"	176
174	"Pappus of narrow scales"	"Thespidium: Thespidium basiflorum"
174	"Pappus of hairs"	175
175	"Mat-forming alpine plants"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
175	"Erect plants of tropics & subtropics"	Pluchea
176	"Pappus of narrow scales"	"Coleocoma: Coleocoma centaurea"
176	"Pappus of simple or plumose hairs"	177
177	"Pappus hairs simple"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
177	"Pappus hairs barbed or plumose on fertile florets"	178
178	"Florets few (c. 6), disc florets sterile"	"Allopterigeron: Allopterigeron filifolius"
178	"Florets numerous (15–190; disc florets fertile"	179
179	"Mat-forming alpine plants, leaves not noticeably aromatic"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
179	"Erect plants of tropics & subtropics; leaves often aromatic"	Streptoglossa
180	"Leaves alternate and/or rosulate"	181
180	"Leaves opposite at least basally, rarely in whorls"	184
181	"Florets pink, or yellow-orange to orange, or reddish brown"	"Emilia: Emilia sonchifolia"
181	"Florets usually yellow or white (rarely pink or purple)"	182
182	"Annual herbs"	Senecio
182	"Climbers, perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees"	183
183	"Climbers to 3 m"	"Delairea: Delairea odorata"
183	"Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees"	Senecio
184	"Heads compound"	185
184	"Heads simple"	198
185	"Secondary involucre (sometimes small) of densely clustered leaves and/or bracts enclosing compound heads"	186
185	"Secondary involucre absent, with just a few loosely arranged leaves below the compound head"	194
186	"Leaves opposite and petiolate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
186	"Leaves alternate and radicle, or opposite and sessile"	187
187	"Compound head surrounded by numerous white or yellow scales"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
187	"Compound head surrounded by few scales or leaves"	188
188	"Receptacle paleate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
188	"Receptacle epaleate"	189
189	"Corolla hairy"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
189	"Corolla glabrous"	190
190	"Outer florets female and/or all florets filiform"	191
190	"All florets tubular and bisexual"	192
191	"Plant stemless"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
191	"Plants with erect stems"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
192	"Pappus plumose, as long as or longer than corolla; plants prostrate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
192	"Pappus absent, or of various types, but if as long as corolla, plants erect"	193
193	"Glabrous erect herb dichotomously branching from below terminal capitulum"	"Flaveria: Flaveria trinervia"
193	"Usually hairy herbs, irregularly branching, lateral inflorescences rarely overtopping terminal ones"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
194	"Individual capitulum with all florets alike (homogamous)"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
194	"Individual capitula with 2 types of florets (heterogamous)"	195
195	"Achenes tapering into a terminal beak"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
195	"Achenes more or less abruptly constricted below pappus"	196
196	"Stems not winged (if leaves decurrent, not along whole internode)"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
196	"Stems winged"	197
197	"Pappus bristle-like"	Pterocaulon
197	"Pappus absent"	Sphaeranthus
198	"Leaves lobed or deeply divided"	199
198	"Leaves entire or toothed"	201
199	"Upper leaves clasping stem; pappus of fine hairs"	"Emilia: Emilia sonchifolia"
199	"All leaves not clasping; pappus of few bristles"	200
200	"Involucral bracts fused into tube; plant with pungent smell"	Tagetes
200	"Involucral bracts free; plant usually odourless"	Bidens
201	"Pappus absent or very small"	202
201	"Pappus at least half as long as achene"	204
202	"Capitulum covered with glandular hairs"	Sigesbeckia
202	"Capitulum without glands"	203
203	"Ray florets absent; disc florets usually blue to mauve, sometimes white"	"Ageratum: Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides"
203	"Ray florets present, with white ligules to c. 1.8 mm long; disc florets whitish"	Eclipta
204	"Involucral bracts membranous"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
204	"Involucral bracts herbaceous, sometimes with membranous margins"	205
205	"Pappus hairs gland-tipped"	"Adenostemma: Adenostemma lavenia var. lanceolatum"
205	"Pappus hairs without glands"	206
206	"Leaves linear to oblong, entire, sometimes narrowly pinnatifid"	207
206	"Leaves (or leaflets) lanceolate to ovate, toothed or serrate, or entire"	210
207	"Involucral bracts broad"	"Acmella: Acmella grandiflora"
207	"Involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong"	208
208	"Achenes flattened and winged"	"Diodontium: Diodontium filifolium"
208	"Achenes ±cylindrical, unwinged"	209
209	"Achenes with a long elongate beak, curled into an inverted J-shape"	"Glossocardia: Glossocardia bidens"
209	"Achenes more or less truncate, not beaked"	"Glossocardia: Glossocardia bidens"
210	"Pappus of scales"	"Ageratum: Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides"
210	"Pappus of hairs or bristles"	Calyptocarpus
211	"Leaves alternate and/or rosulate"	212
211	"Leaves opposite at least basally, rarely in whorls"	215
212	"Florets pink, or yellow-orange to orange, or reddish brown"	"Emilia: Emilia sonchifolia"
212	"Florets usually yellow or white (rarely pink or purple)"	213
213	"Annual herbs"	Senecio
213	"Climbers, perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees"	214
214	"Climbers to 3 m"	"Delairea: Delairea odorata"
214	"Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees"	Senecio
215	"Heads simple"	216
215	"Heads compound"	229
216	"Leaves lobed or deeply divided"	217
216	"Leaves entire or toothed"	219
217	"Upper leaves clasping stem; pappus of fine hairs"	"Emilia: Emilia sonchifolia"
217	"All leaves not clasping; pappus of few bristles"	218
218	"Involucral bracts fused into tube; plant with pungent smell"	Tagetes
218	"Involucral bracts free; plant usually odourless"	Bidens
219	"Pappus absent or very small"	220
219	"Pappus at least half as long as achene"	222
220	"Capitulum covered with glandular hairs"	Sigesbeckia
220	"Capitulum without glands"	221
221	"Ray florets absent; disc florets usually blue to mauve, sometimes white"	"Ageratum: Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides"
221	"Ray florets present, with white ligules to c. 1.8 mm long; disc florets whitish"	Eclipta
222	"Involucral bracts membranous"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
222	"Involucral bracts herbaceous, sometimes with membranous margins"	223
223	"Pappus hairs gland-tipped"	"Adenostemma: Adenostemma lavenia var. lanceolatum"
223	"Pappus hairs without glands"	224
224	"Leaves linear to oblong, entire, sometimes narrowly pinnatifid"	225
224	"Leaves (or leaflets) lanceolate to ovate, toothed or serrate, or entire"	228
225	"Involucral bracts broad"	"Acmella: Acmella grandiflora"
225	"Involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong"	226
226	"Achenes flattened and winged"	"Diodontium: Diodontium filifolium"
226	"Achenes ±cylindrical, unwinged"	227
227	"Achenes with a long elongate beak, curled into an inverted J-shape"	"Glossocardia: Glossocardia bidens"
227	"Achenes more or less truncate, not beaked"	"Glossocardia: Glossocardia bidens"
228	"Pappus of scales"	"Ageratum: Ageratum conyzoides subsp. conyzoides"
228	"Pappus of hairs or bristles"	Calyptocarpus
229	"Secondary involucre absent, with just a few loosely arranged leaves below the compound head"	230
229	"Secondary involucre (sometimes small) of densely clustered leaves and/or bracts enclosing compound heads"	234
230	"Individual capitulum with all florets alike (homogamous)"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
230	"Individual capitula with 2 types of florets (heterogamous)"	231
231	"Achenes tapering into a terminal beak"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
231	"Achenes more or less abruptly constricted below pappus"	232
232	"Stems not winged (if leaves decurrent, not along whole internode)"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
232	"Stems winged"	233
233	"Pappus bristle-like"	Pterocaulon
233	"Pappus absent"	Sphaeranthus
234	"Leaves opposite petiolate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
234	"Leaves alternate radicle or opposite sessile"	235
235	"Compound head surrounded by numerous white or yellow scales"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
235	"Compound head surrounded by few scales or leaves"	236
236	"Receptacle paleate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
236	"Receptacle epaleate"	237
237	"Corolla hairy"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
237	"Corolla glabrous"	238
238	"All florets tubular and bisexual"	239
238	"Outer florets female and/or all florets filiform"	241
239	"Pappus plumose, as long as or longer than corolla; plants prostrate"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
239	"Pappus absent, or of various types, but if as long as corolla, plants erect"	240
240	"Glabrous erect herb dichotomously branching from below terminal capitulum"	"Flaveria: Flaveria trinervia"
240	"Usually hairy herbs, irregularly branching, lateral inflorescences rarely overtopping terminal ones"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"
241	"Plant stemless"	"Asteraceae tribe Astereae"
241	"Plants with erect stems"	"Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae"