1	"Plant with 1 or more underground often flattened-discoid (rarely turnip-like) tubers; stems annual and usually dying off into subterranean tuber in dry season"	2
1	"Plant without tubers (sometimes with small swelling at base); stems annual or persistent, rootstock a cluster of fleshy roots or of fibrous roots"	12
2	"Plant from SE Asia to Australasia"	3
2	"Plant from Africa, Madagascar or Arabian Peninsula"	7
3	"Plant a short erect geophytic herb"	"Ceropegia sect. Tiloris"
3	"Plant a slender climber"	4
4	"Plant with slightly fleshy leaves and fleshy tuber"	"Ceropegia sect. Esculentae"
4	"Leaves and tuber not fleshy"	5
5	"Corolla with tube at most half the length of lobes (or nearly absent)"	"Ceropegia sect. Tiloris"
5	"Corolla with tube longer than lobes (usually much longer than lobes), basal part of tube inflated around gynostegium then constricted above gynostegium into slender cylinder usually widening again towards mouth, lobes often remaining fused at tips to form cage over mouth of tube"	6
6	"Plant with solitary firm, starchy flattened-discoid tuber, with fine fibrous roots arising from it, leaves softly herbaceous"	"Ceropegia sect. Indopegia"
6	"Plant with 1 to several slightly fleshy often inverted-top-shaped small tubers from which ?eshy roots arise, leaves somewhat leathery"	"Ceropegia sect. Ceropegia"
7	"Plant from Madagascar"	"Ceropegia sect. Dimorphae"
7	"Plant from Africa or Arabian Peninsula"	8
8	"Plant with one or more somewhat fleshy tubers (sometimes several connected by rhizomes)"	9
8	"Plant with solitary starchy and not fleshy tuber"	11
9	"Leaves not fleshy"	"Ceropegia sect. Pseudoceropegiella"
9	"Leaves slightly to very fleshy"	10
10	"Outer series of staminal corona without lobules behind inner series"	"Ceropegia sect. Esculentae"
10	"Outer series of staminal corona forming ± continuous cup including inner series"	"Ceropegia sect. Ceropegiella"
11	"Plant erect, not twining"	"Ceropegia sect. Chamaesiphon"
11	"Plant twining (rarely erect)"	"Ceropegia sect. Laguncula"
12	"Plant from SE Asia to Australasia"	13
12	"Plant from Africa, Madagascar or Arabian Peninsula"	15
13	"Stems succulent, leaves reduced to minute caducous rudiments 1-2 mm broad"	"Ceropegia sect. Phalaena {Ceropegia juncea}"
13	"Stems not succulent, leaves prominent and at least 5 mm broad."	14
14	"Evergreen glabrous climber with fibrous to very slightly swollen roots, inflorescences pedunculate"	"Ceropegia sect. Janthina"
14	"Deciduous often finely pubescent climber to prostrate or erect herb with swollen roots, inflorescences pedunculate to sessile"	"Ceropegia sect. Chionopegia"
15	"Plant from Madagascar"	"Ceropegia sect. Dimorphae"
15	"Plant from Africa or Arabian Peninsula"	16
16	"Stems fleshy and succulent and sometimes tuberculate."	17
16	"Stems wiry to soft and non-succulent"	74
17	"Stems tuberculate, tubercles usually organized into angles along stems"	18
17	"Stems not tuberculate, stems without angles"	61
18	"Stems twining towards tips to bear ?owers, tubercles not organized into rows or fused into angles, with minute leaf-rudiments, flowers not fleshy, corolla-tube basally in?ated around gynostegium then constricted above gynostegium into slender cylinder widening again towards mouth"	"Ceropegia sect. Coreosma"
18	"Stems not twining, tubercles organized into rows or fused into angles (in Ceropegia frerei with conspicuous deciduous leaves otherwise with leaves reduced to rudiments), flowers fleshy (at least towards base), corolla-tube not as above"	19
19	"Outer and inner series of coronal lobes vertically well separated on staminal tube and neither partly nor wholly fused to one another (outer corona often disc-like)"	20
19	"Outer and inner series of coronal lobes not vertically separated on staminal tube and partly or wholly fused to one another"	22
20	"Plant consisting of single, thick 4-angled stem without leaf-rudiments"	"Ceropegia sect. White-sloanea"
20	"Plant many-stemmed with small leaf-rudiments"	21
21	"Leaf-rudiments with or without small stipular denticles, corona raised above base of tube on stipe, outer series resting on rim or sides of small cupular tube formed entirely by annulus"	"Ceropegia sect. Duvalia"
21	"Leaf-rudiments without stipular denticles, corona very rarely raised above base of tube on stipe (c.f. H. kennedyana), outer series spreading on base of tube and often partly fused to it, tube often with annular thickening around mouth but not formed entirely by annulus"	"Ceropegia sect. Huernia"
22	"Tubercles on stem arranged into 6 or more angles"	23
22	"Tubercles on stem arranged into 4-5 angles"	30
23	"Inflorescence usually only 1 per stem near base"	24
23	"Inflorescences several per stem, mainly towards apex"	26
24	"Leaf-rudiment slightly sunken into apex of obtuse tubercle and <1 mm long"	"Ceropegia sect. Lavrania"
24	"Tubercle tapering into leaf-rudiment which is not at all sunken into apex of tubercle, leaf-rudiment at least 2 mm long"	25
25	"Tubercles each tipped with 3 sharp spines, outer corona with long slender lobules each tipped with tear-shaped knob"	"Ceropegia sect. Tavaresia"
25	"Tubercles each tipped with single soft bristle or minute leaf-rudiment but not with spine, outer corona bi?d into narrowly deltate lobules without apical knobs."	"Ceropegia sect. Stapelianthus"
26	"Each tubercle tipped by small ovate-deltate leaf-rudiment (caducous or persistent as spike-like husk) often with small stipular glands at base"	"Ceropegia sect. Echidnopsis"
26	"Each tubercle tipped by spine or conical rudiment or tip not distinguishable from rest of tubercle"	27
27	"Each tubercle on stem armed at apex (at least when young) with a spine (1.5-) 3-15 mm long"	"Ceropegia sect. Hoodia"
27	"Each tubercle on stem with small persistent and not spine-like leafrudiment b 1 mm long or leaf-rudiment absent"	28
28	"Stems with 10 or more angles, each tubercle with small conical leaf rudiment usually sunken into apex"	"Ceropegia sect. Larryleachia"
28	"Stems with 6-8 angles, leaf-rudiment not distinguishable from tubercle"	29
29	"Inflorescences each with single flower and single not flattened bract, outer corona forming pectinate ring around gynostegium, pollinia broader than long"	"Ceropegia sect. Pectinaria"
29	"Inflorescences each with several flowers and bracts (basal bract distinctly flattened), outer corona not pectinate, pollinia longer than broad"	"Ceropegia sect. Larryleachia"
30	"Stems, pedicels, sepals and outside of corolla at least finely pubescent (stems sometimes nearly glabrous), leaf-rudiments deciduous, erect, corolla often with ?ne slender hairs inside"	31
30	"Stems, pedicels, sepals and outside of corolla glabrous, leafrudiments spreading or absent"	32
31	"Stems erect"	"Ceropegia sect. Stapelia"
31	"Stems mostly prostrate and often rhizomatous"	"Ceropegia sect. Tromotriche {Ceropegia engleri}"
32	"Inflorescences produced in upper half of stem, usually several per stem"	33
32	"Inflorescences arising in lower half of stem, usually only 1 per stem"	53
33	"Outer corona much reduced to absent (as spreading lobes beneath guide-rails), deep nectarial cavity present beneath guide-rails"	34
33	"Outer corona not much reduced, nectarial cavity shallow or absent"	35
34	"Plant mat-forming with short, squat non-rhizomatous stems 10-20 mm thick, tubercles each tipped by small deltoid tooth 0.5-6.0 mm long subtended by 2 ± spherical stipular denticles, gynostegium sessile"	"Ceropegia sect. Piaranthus"
34	"Plant rhizomatous with slender erect stems 4-8 mm thick, tubercles without leaf-rudiments or stipular structures, gynostegium stipitate"	"Ceropegia sect. Suqutres"
35	"Young tubercle tipped with leaf-rudiment constricted slightly at base above tubercle"	36
35	"Young tubercle either without leaf-rudiment or with tubercle continuing (without constriction) into leaf-rudiment"	47
36	"Inflorescences many per stem, each with 1-3(4)-flower, spread out along upper half of stem (often on slender, elongating apical portions of stem)"	37
36	"Inflorescences few per stem, often with more than 5 flowers, often densely crowded, opening ± simultaneously, apical or near-apical on stems (never borne on slender, elongating apical portions of stem)"	42
37	"Inflorescences borne on slender often cylindrical, elongating apical portions of stems"	38
37	"Stems not elongating and not more slender where inflorescences are present"	39
38	"Leaf-rudiments with small clusters of minute hairs around bases"	"Ceropegia sect. Lalacruma"
38	"Leaf-rudiments with small stipular glands and without small clusters of minute hairs around bases"	"Ceropegia sect. Caudanthera"
39	"Surface of stem rugulose"	40
39	"Surface of stem smooth or covered with small convex polygons"	41
40	"Stems gradually tapering towards tips, leaf-rudiments ovat-deltate to lanceolate, inflorescences sunken into folds of surface of stem"	"Ceropegia sect. Rhytidocaulon"
40	"Stems not tapering towards tips (where abruptly narrowed), leaf-rudiments cordate, inflorescences not sunken into folds of surface of stem"	"Ceropegia sect. Baynesia"
41	"Surface between stem-angles covered with small convex polygons tightly pressed against each other, inflorescence with 1-3 flowers opening successively and borne on small, caducous peduncle, corolla not papillate inside"	"Ceropegia sect. Anomalluma"
41	"Surface between stem-angles inflorescences without peduncle, corolla papillate inside"	"Ceropegia sect. Australluma"
42	"Stems bearing conspicuous leaves (at least 10 × 10 mm) towards tips during growing season, flowers solitary and borne among leaves"	"Ceropegia sect. Frerea"
42	"Stems with minute leaf-rudiments (not more than 5 × 5 mm, usually much smaller) or leaf-rudiments absent,flowers exposed at tips of stems, rarely on elongated apical portions of stems"	43
43	"Each inflorescence consisting of a single flower only with one small bract at its base"	"Ceropegia sect. Edithcolea"
43	"Inflorescences many-flowered (if only one then with several small bracts at its base, see Ceropegia lavrani, Ceropegia pauciflora) often with several to all flowers opening ± simultaneously in each inflorescence"	44
44	"Leaf-rudiments absent (even in young growth) and plant often reduced to single, globose stem"	"Ceropegia sect. Desmidorchis"
44	"Leaf-rudiments present though often very small (at least in young growth)"	45
45	"Inflorescences with flowers maturing in lateral position near tips of stems"	"Ceropegia sect. Apteranthes"
45	"Inflorescences with flowers maturing in terminal position on stems"	46
46	"Leaf-rudiments without any stipular hairs or glands around bases"	"Ceropegia sect. Boucerosia"
46	"Leaf-rudiments with small stipular hairs around bases"	"Ceropegia sect. Sarcocodon"
47	"Tubercle obtuse and not tapering to acute or acuminate  tip"	48
47	"Tubercle not obtuse, tapering to acute to acuminate (sometimes soft to hard and spike-like) leaf-rudiment"	51
48	"Surface between stem-angles covered with small convex polygons tightly pressed against each other, inflorescence with 5 or more flowers opening ± simultaneously"	"Ceropegia sect. Sarcocodon"
48	"Surface between stem-angles not covered with small convex polygons"	49
49	"Stems forming large untidily-spreading mat-like plant, tubercles usually very irregularly arranged, each tipped by sharp tooth, inflorescences consisting of single large flower at tip of stem subtended by single small bract"	"Ceropegia sect. Edithcolea"
49	"Plant not as above, tubercles usually arranged into 4 (rarely 5) clear angles, inflorescences not as above"	50
50	"Stems hard, surface micro-papillate (dull and not shiny), tubercle tapering into hardened tooth-like to spike-like leaf-rudiment, flowers arising in several clusters, often in vertical series in grooves on opposite sides of stem"	"Ceropegia sect. Quaqua"
50	"Stems soft, surface smooth (± shiny), tubercle tapering into soft tooth-like leaf-rudiment, flowers arising in 1-several scattered inflorescences"	"Ceropegia sect. Orbea"
51	"Plant shrub-like and rooting on central stem only, flowers arising in several clusters often in vertical series in grooves on opposite sides of stem, without peduncle, flowers in cluster opening ± simultaneously, corona 2-3 mm broad, pollinia broader than long"	"Ceropegia sect. Quaqua"
51	"Plant clump-forming or rhizomatous and rooting on many sidebranches, flowers arising in 1-several scattered inflorescences and opening in gradual succession, often developing small peduncle, corona 4-11 mm broad, pollinia longer than broad"	52
52	"Plant usually strongly rhizomatous or forming long pendulous stems, corolla inside smooth or faintly rugulose"	"Ceropegia sect. Tromotriche"
52	"Plant not rhizomatous, forming neat, usually dense clumps, corolla inside with multicoloured network of ridges at least in corolla-tube (sometimes over whole surface)"	"Ceropegia sect. Neotromotriche"
53	"Surface of stems with raised longitudinal ridges, gynostegium dominated by comparatively large discrete dorsiventrally flattened, ascending to erect (spreading in Ceropegia areniphila) outer corona lobes forming cup around small inner lobes (these adpressed to backs of anthers and rarely exceeding them), anthers and pollinia descending slightly towards centre of somewhat concave style head (plants from Madagascar)"	"Ceropegia sect. Stapelianthus"
53	"Surface of stems without raised longitudinal ridges, outer corona lobes not as above, anthers and pollinia horizontal or ascending towards centre of flat to convex style head (plants not from Madagascar)."	54
54	"Inner corona lobes laterally flattened, rising above anthers and connate in centre well above style head"	"Ceropegia sect. Stapeliopsis"
54	"Inner corona lobes dorsiventrally flattened and adpressed to backs of anthers for most of their length"	55
55	"Outer coronal series apparently absent, with gaps between comparatively large inner lobes"	"Ceropegia sect. Suqutres"
55	"Outer coronal series present, filling gaps between inner series"	56
56	"Stems hard, surface micro-papillate (dull and not shiny), tubercle tapering into hardened tooth-like to spike-like leaf-rudiment, flowers arising in several dense clusters, often in vertical series in grooves on opposite sides of stem (opening ± simultaneously in each cluster)."	"Ceropegia sect. Quaqua"
56	"Stems comparatively soft, tubercles tipped with soft leaf-rudiment or none present, flowers usually in single inflorescence per stem and mainly solitary"	57
57	"Tubercles < 1 mm long and scarcely raised out of surface of stem, corona< 1.5 mm tall, pollinia minute (< 0.2 mm long)"	"Ceropegia sect. Ophionella"
57	"Tubercles > 2 mm long and clearly raised out of surface of stem, corona > 3 mm tall, pollinia comparatively large (> 0.4 mm long)"	58
58	"Surface of stems micro-papillate (dull and not shiny), tubercles obtuse and not tapering to tip, leaf-rudiments ± absent"	"Ceropegia sect. Tromotriche"
58	"Surface of stems smooth (±shiny), tubercles not obtuse, tapering into leaf-rudiment, leaf-rudiments present"	59
59	"Leaf-rudiments deltoid to subulate, slightly constricted at base, caducous, with small multicellular hairs in stipular position and along margin but lacking stipular denticles, corolla usually covered with multicellular papillae"	"Ceropegia sect. Tridentea"
59	"Tubercle tapering ± uniformly to tip and leaf-rudiment without basal constriction, without small hairs in stipular position but frequently with stipular denticles, corolla from deeply rugulose to smooth but rarely with multicellular papillae"	60
60	"Plants strongly rhizomatous, stems usually around 5 mm thick and mostly not more than 30 mm tall, flowers 10-18 mm diameter"	"Ceropegia sect. Minimae"
60	"Plants rarely rhizomatous but then stems 8-15 mm thick and 50-200 mm tall, flowers 25 mm in diameter or more"	"Ceropegia sect. Orbea"
61	"Plant a non-climbing shrub"	62
61	"Plant a slender climber or rambler"	63
62	"Leaves sessile, slender, linear, 10-60 mm long, inflorescences sessile, outer series of staminal corona mostly glabrous"	"Ceropegia sect. Sarcodactylus"
62	"Leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate to cordate, inflorescences pedunculate, outer series of staminal corona ciliate"	"Ceropegia sect. Phalaena"
63	"Stems  and  leaves  fleshy,  leaves  lasting  for  several  seasons"	"Ceropegia sect. Radicantiores"
63	"Stems succulent and leaves at most slightly fleshy, caducous or deciduous after growing season"	64
64	"Leaves reduced to small, caducous rudiments 1-3 mm broad"	65
64	"Leaves prominent and mostly at least 5 mm broad."	70
65	"Plant with fibrous roots"	66
65	"Plant with one or more clusters of swollen roots near base of stem"	67
66	"Stem slender and arising from small thickened base, leaves lanceolate, corolla without prominently spreading folds between lobes"	"Ceropegia sect. Phalaena"
66	"Stem highly succulent and without thickened base, leaves deltate, corolla with prominently spreading folds between lobes"	"Ceropegia sect. Loligo"
67	"Stems rough to touch with fine longitudinal ridges"	68
67	"Stems smooth (without fine longitudinal ridges)"	69
68	"Corolla-tube broadly cylindrical and not dilating at mouth, inner series of staminal corona of 5 filiform lobules, outer series of staminal corona ciliate"	"Ceropegia sect. Psilopegia {Ceropegia ampliata}"
68	"Corolla-tube narrowly cylindrical, distinctly dilating at mouth, inner series of staminal corona not filiform, outer series of staminal corona glabrous"	"Ceropegia sect. Loligo"
69	"Corolla-lobes free at tips and not broader there, outer series of staminal corona ciliate"	"Ceropegia sect. Ciliatilobae"
69	"Corolla-lobes joined at tips and usually distinctly broader at tips, outer series of staminal corona glabrous"	"Ceropegia sect. Psilopegia"
70	"Stems with fine longitudinal ridges (and slightly angled), leaves usually similarly coloured to stems, outer series of staminal corona glabrous"	"Ceropegia sect. Callopegia"
70	"Stems cylindrical and without ridges, leaves usually paler than stems, outer series of staminal corona often ciliate"	71
71	"Stems and leaves pubescent, leaves fleshy"	"Ceropegia sect. Curviflorae"
71	"Stems mostly glabrous (sometimes puberulous), leaves mostly glabrous and not fleshy"	72
72	"Outer series of staminal corona consisting of five deeply bifid fine lobules more or less equalling inner series, gynostegium raised on stipe"	"Ceropegia sect. Prominentifoliae"
72	"Outer series of staminal corona shallowly bowl-like to cup-like (with short teeth around mouth) around bases of inner series and much exceeded by inner series, gynostegium sometimes raised on stipe"	73
73	"Inside of tube hairless in basal inflated portion and just above it, gynostegium raised above base of tube on short stipe"	"Ceropegia sect. Speciosae"
73	"Inside of tube with fine hairs on basal inflated portion and just above it, gynostegium not raised above base of tube on short stipe and spreading into base of tube"	"Ceropegia sect. Phalaena"
74	"Corolla with tube, often at least as long as lobes or longer, basally inflated around gynostegium then constricted above gynostegium into slender cylinder usually widening again towards mouth, lobes often remaining fused at tips to form cage over mouth of tube"	75
74	"Corolla lobed almost to base, tube absent or very shallow (not as above)"	82
75	"Non-twining herb usually with single erect stem, inflorescences sessile or very shortly pedunculate"	76
75	"Twining or rhizomatous herb, inflorescences pedunculate"	77
76	"Leaves petiolate, corolla-lobes remaining fused at apices, plants from tropical Africa"	"Ceropegia sect. Umbraticolae"
76	"Leaves very shortly petiolate or sessile, corolla-lobes free at apices, often pendulous around tube, plants from South Africa"	"Ceropegia sect. Bowkerianae"
77	"Tube of corolla broadly cylindrical, hardly dilating at mouth"	"Ceropegia sect. Amphorina"
77	"Tube of corolla narrowly cylindrical in middle, distinctly widening towards mouth"	78
78	"Outer series of staminal corona half as long as to equalling inner series"	"Ceropegia sect. Convolvuloides"
78	"Outer series of staminal corona much less than half as long as inner series."	79
79	"Each lobe of outer staminal series divided in middle to base"	"Ceropegia sect. Carnosae"
79	"Lobes of outer staminal series notched in middle and not divided to bases"	80
80	"Plant from tropical Africa to Arabia"	"Ceropegia sect. Frondosae"
80	"Plant from South Africa"	81
81	"Lobes of outer series of staminal corona deltate and not thickened near apices, lobes of corolla not twisted together above tube"	"Ceropegia sect. Leptophyllae"
81	"Lobes of outer series of staminal corona thickened near apices and club-shaped, lobes of corolla twisted together  above  tube"	"Ceropegia sect. Ciliatilobae"
82	"Stem somewhat angled or fluted, sometimes pubescent"	"Ceropegia sect. Bowkerianae"
82	"Stem cylindrical, plant glabrous"	"Ceropegia sect. Stenatae"