1	"Leaves simple and pinnately veined; indumentum lepidote; seeds arillate; fruits spinose to muricate, thick-walled capsules"	Helicteres
1	"Leaves simple or lobed to digitate, usually palmately veined; indumentum usually stellate (rarely lepidote); seeds usually not arillate (if arillate, then plants not lepidote); fruits various"	2
2	"Gynoecium apocarpous; petals, staminodes and epicalyx always lacking; androgynophore present; flowers usually unisexual"	3
2	"Gynoecium usually syncarpous (if apocarpous, then petals present); petals usually present; androgynophore, staminodes and epicalyx present or lacking; flowers usually hermaphroditic"	4
3	"Seed coat pubescent"	Brachychiton
3	"Seed coat glabrous"	Sterculia
4	"Stamens usually forming a tube (occasionally arranged in phalanges)"	5
4	"Stamens free or almost so, rarely forming phalanges"	52
5	"Androgynophore present; gynoecium sometimes apocarpous"	Helicteres
5	"Androgynophore absent; gynoecium always syncarpous"	6
6	"Anthers usually monothecal, rarely paired; staminodes always absent; sepals usually fused more than 1/3"	7
6	"Anthers not monothecal; staminodes usually present; sepals usually fused less than 1/3"	33
7	"Trees, exceptionally shrubs; carpels 2-5; fruits capsules, more rarely indehiscent; endocarp often pubescent (abundant kapok or sparse pubescence); seeds usually glabrous; pollen usually without spines, exceptionally spinulose"	8
7	"Shrubs or herbs, exceptionally trees; carpels (3-)5-many; fruits schizocarps, less frequently capsules, rarely berries; endocarp glabrous; seeds sometimes pubescent; pollen generally spinose"	11
8	"Leaves digitate"	9
8	"Leaves simple , sometimes lobed"	10
9	"Fruits indehiscent"	"Adansonia: Adansonia gregorii"
9	"Fruits dehiscent"	"Bombax: Bombax ceiba var. leiocarpum"
10	"Filaments diverging at top of staminal tube; ovary 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule"	"Camptostemon: Camptostemon schultzii"
10	"Filaments diverging at different levels of staminal tube; ovary 5-locular; ovules ca. 6 per locule"	"Lagunaria: Lagunaria patersonia"
11	"Foliage and seeds punctate with gossypol glands; trimerous nectaries below epicalyx often present; style entire or rarely deft; ovules with integumentary bundles"	12
11	"Gossypol glands and trimerous epicalyx nectaries absent; style branched or not; fruits various; ovules lacking integumentary bundles"	15
12	"Epicalyx bracts 3, broadly foliaceous"	Gossypium
12	"Epicalyx bracts 3 or more, subulate to ligulate"	13
13	"Epicalyx bractlets 6-9 or more"	"Thespesia: Thespesia populneoides"
13	"Epicalyx bractlets 3"	14
14	"Capsules 5-celled"	"Thespesia: Thespesia populneoides"
14	"Capsules 3-celled"	Gossypium
15	"Style apically unbranched; endosperm abundant"	16
15	"Style divided into 2-45 stylar branches; endosperm usually scarce"	17
16	"Epicalyx bracts (8-)10; stipules nectariferous; stigma capitate; pollen oblate, 8-11-zonocolporate"	"Radyera: Radyera farragei"
16	"Epicalyx bracts 6(-8); stipules not nectariferous; stigmatic lobes decurrent; pollen speroidal"	Alyogyne
17	"Fruit ± capsular"	18
17	"Fruit a schizocarp with the mericarps separating eventually from each other and the persistent axis"	22
18	"Pistil 10-carpellate; stylar branches (6-)10"	Decaschistia
18	"Pistil (3-)5-carpellate; stylar branches as many as carpels"	19
19	"Petals with long claws adnate to staminal column for half of their length; epicalyx lobes conspicuous, 4-6"	Hibiscus
19	"Petals not strikingly adnate to staminal column"	20
20	"Leaves sometimes with one or more nectaries on midrib or principal nerves abaxially"	Hibiscus
20	"Leaves usually lacking abaxial nectaries"	21
21	"Calyx splitting asymmetrically at anthesis and falling with the corolla"	Abelmoschus
21	"Calyx not splitting asymmetrically or falling with corolla"	"Hibiscus: Hibiscus vitifolius"
22	"Stylar branches 1-40, always equalling the number of carpels; mericarps 1-several-seeded; staminal column lacking apical teeth"	23
22	"Stylar branches 10, carpels 5; mericarps 1-seeded; staminal column with 5 apical teeth"	32
23	"Ovules pendulous, usually 1 per locule; undivided part of style usually very short, shorter than stylar branches; flowers mostly unisexual and plants often dioecious; epicalyx absent"	Lawrencia
23	"Ovules ascending or less often pendulous, 1-several per locule; styles usually longer than stylar branches; flowers usually hermaphrodite; epicalyx present or not"	24
24	"Mericarps 2-3(-6)-seeded, or 1-seeded but then separated by an endoglossum into a lower and an upper cell"	25
24	"Mericarps 1-seeded, not separated into a lower and an upper cell"	27
25	"Epicalyx present"	"Modiola: Modiola caroliniana"
25	"Epicalyx absent"	26
26	"Fruit inflated with fragile walls"	"Herissantia: Herissantia crispa"
26	"Fruit not inflated"	Abutilon
27	"Epicalyx present"	28
27	"Epicalyx absent"	30
28	"Stigma capitate or rarely truncate"	Malvastrum
28	"Stigmatic zone on stylar branch introrsely decurrent"	29
29	"Mericarps 6–12, with lateral angles, usually enclosing the seed, indehiscent, with well-defined cross walls"	Malva
29	"Mericarps 16–20, with rounded edges, not completely enclosing the seed and readily separating from it"	"Lavatera: Lavatera trimestris"
30	"Lateral walls of mericarps evanescent at maturity; mericarps often with a dorsal spur or spine"	"Anoda: Anoda cristata"
30	"Lateral walls of mericarps persistent, fragile or indurate;' mericarps usually not spined, or if so, the spine subapical"	31
31	"Fruits inflated; seeds 1-3 per carpel; corolla white"	"Herissantia: Herissantia crispa"
31	"Fruits not inflated, usually erect"	Sida
32	"Leaves with one or more prominent foliar nectaries on abaxial side on principal veins; epicalyx bracts 5; free filaments short or anthers subsessile; mericarps prominently glochidiate (New World) or smooth (Old World)"	Urena
32	"Leaves lacking foliar nectaries; epicalyx bracts 4-24, or sometimes; anthers usually borne on manifest filaments; mericarps with 3 or 1 retrorsely barbed spines or without spines"	Pavonia
33	"Flowers usually in axillary cymes or solitary; epicalyx present; petals often persistent, flat, neither cucullate nor with apical appendage; cotyledons usually bifid; pollen usually sphaeroidal and spinose"	"Melhania: Melhania oblongifolia"
33	"Flowers variously arranged, often in sympodia; epicalyx usually absent (the corresponding bracts usually subtending flowers); petals usually caducous, sometimes cucullate and/or with apical appendage; cotyledons only exceptionally bifid; pollen usually not spinose"	34
34	"Staminodes absent or rudimentary"	35
34	"Staminodes present"	45
35	"Sepals not petaloid; petals contorted, flat, usually longer than sepals; seeds not strophiolate"	36
35	"Sepals petaloid; petals not contorted, cucullate or much shorter than sepals, or absent; seeds often strophiolate"	38
36	"Ovary 5-locular"	Melochia
36	"Ovary 2- or 1-locular"	37
37	"Ovary 2-locular"	Dicarpidium
37	"Ovary 1-locular"	Waltheria
38	"Styles 3–5(6–8) free (often twisted together), with only stigmas coherent; epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) absent"	39
38	"Style single either with stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube, or with apical 1/3 being 3–5 stigmatic lobes (recurved or erect and twisted); epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) present"	41
39	"Petals absent or scale-like, without ligules; staminal filaments prominent and yellow with yellow simple hairs ~0.1 mm long; anthers with vertical slit dehiscence"	Seringia
39	"Petals conspicuous with apical ligules; staminal filaments inconspicuous, white and glabrous; anthers with horizontal slit dehiscence"	40
40	"Outer surface of staminodes densely hairy (except C. borealis few hairs or glabrous); anther dehiscence sublatrorse"	Commersonia
40	"Outer surface of staminodes glabrous; anther dehiscence extrorse"	Androcalva
41	"Anthers with slit dehiscence; style apical third is stigmatic lobes, recurved or twisted together"	Hannafordia
41	"Anthers with apical, poricidal dehiscence; stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube"	42
42	"Epicalyx bracts three broad, equilaterally attached and totally covering bud; flowers 6-merous (except for Ly. aromaticum 5-merous)"	Lysiosepalum
42	"Epicalyx bracts one broad or 3 narrow to medium width, attached more towards one side and so not totally covering bud; flowers 4- or 5-merous"	43
43	"Calyx with 3–5 thickened, external ribs"	Guichenotia
43	"Calyx without thickened, external ribs"	44
44	"Calyx with one thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules mainly present"	Thomasia
44	"Calyx without thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules absent"	Lasiopetalum
45	"Styles 3–5(6–8) free (often twisted together), with only stigmas coherent; epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) absent"	46
45	"Style single either with stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube, or with apical 1/3 being 3–5 stigmatic lobes (recurved or erect and twisted); epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) present"	48
46	"Petals absent or scale-like, without ligules; staminal filaments prominent and yellow with yellow simple hairs ~0.1 mm long; anthers with vertical slit dehiscence"	Seringia
46	"Petals conspicuous with apical ligules; staminal filaments inconspicuous, white and glabrous; anthers with horizontal slit dehiscence"	47
47	"Outer surface of staminodes densely hairy (except C. borealis few hairs or glabrous); anther dehiscence sublatrorse"	Commersonia
47	"Outer surface of staminodes glabrous; anther dehiscence extrorse"	Androcalva
48	"Anthers with slit dehiscence; style apical third is stigmatic lobes, recurved or twisted together"	Hannafordia
48	"Anthers with apical, poricidal dehiscence; stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube"	49
49	"Epicalyx bracts three broad, equilaterally attached and totally covering bud; flowers 6-merous (except for Ly. aromaticum 5-merous)"	Lysiosepalum
49	"Epicalyx bracts one broad or 3 narrow to medium width, attached more towards one side and so not totally covering bud; flowers 4- or 5-merous"	50
50	"Calyx with 3–5 thickened, external ribs"	Guichenotia
50	"Calyx without thickened, external ribs"	51
51	"Calyx with one thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules mainly present"	Thomasia
51	"Calyx without thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules absent"	Lasiopetalum
52	"Stamens more than 5 (except some Corchorus); epicalyx usually lacking; petals usually present, never cucullate; seeds usually not strophiolate"	53
52	"Stamens 5; epicalyx usually present; petals sometimes cucullate, often reduced or lacking; seeds usually strophiolate"	56
53	"Distinct nectarial glands absent from petals and androgynophore"	Corchorus
53	"Distinct nectarial glands present on base of each petal or on androgynophore"	54
54	"Nectarial glands present on base of petals; sepals not appendaged or hooded"	Grewia
54	"Nectarial glands present on androgynophore opposite base of petals; sepals often dorsally appendaged or hooded near apex"	55
55	"Fruit capsular, densely echinate; stipules mostly large"	Triumfetta
55	"Fruit siliqua-like, smooth, spiny, or muricate; stipules usually setaceous or subacute"	Corchorus
56	"Staminodes absent or rudimentary"	57
56	"Staminodes present"	67
57	"Sepals not petaloid; petals contorted, flat, usually longer than sepals; seeds not strophiolate"	58
57	"Sepals petaloid; petals not contorted, cucullate or much shorter than sepals, or absent; seeds often strophiolate"	60
58	"Ovary 5-locular"	Melochia
58	"Ovary 2- or 1-locular"	59
59	"Ovary 2-locular"	Dicarpidium
59	"Ovary 1-locular"	Waltheria
60	"Styles 3–5(6–8) free (often twisted together), with only stigmas coherent; epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) absent"	61
60	"Style single either with stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube, or with apical 1/3 being 3–5 stigmatic lobes (recurved or erect and twisted); epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) present"	63
61	"Petals absent or scale-like, without ligules; staminal filaments prominent and yellow with yellow simple hairs ~0.1 mm long; anthers with vertical slit dehiscence"	Seringia
61	"Petals conspicuous with apical ligules; staminal filaments inconspicuous, white and glabrous; anthers with horizontal slit dehiscence"	62
62	"Outer surface of staminodes densely hairy (except C. borealis few hairs or glabrous); anther dehiscence sublatrorse"	Commersonia
62	"Outer surface of staminodes glabrous; anther dehiscence extrorse"	Androcalva
63	"Anthers with slit dehiscence; style apical third is stigmatic lobes, recurved or twisted together"	Hannafordia
63	"Anthers with apical, poricidal dehiscence; stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube"	64
64	"Epicalyx bracts three broad, equilaterally attached and totally covering bud; flowers 6-merous (except for Ly. aromaticum 5-merous)"	Lysiosepalum
64	"Epicalyx bracts one broad or 3 narrow to medium width, attached more towards one side and so not totally covering bud; flowers 4- or 5-merous"	65
65	"Calyx with 3–5 thickened, external ribs"	Guichenotia
65	"Calyx without thickened, external ribs"	66
66	"Calyx with one thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules mainly present"	Thomasia
66	"Calyx without thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules absent"	Lasiopetalum
67	"Styles 3–5(6–8) free (often twisted together), with only stigmas coherent; epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) absent"	68
67	"Style single either with stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube, or with apical 1/3 being 3–5 stigmatic lobes (recurved or erect and twisted); epicalyx bracts (bracteoles) present"	70
68	"Petals absent or scale-like, without ligules; staminal filaments prominent and yellow with yellow simple hairs ~0.1 mm long; anthers with vertical slit dehiscence"	Seringia
68	"Petals conspicuous with apical ligules; staminal filaments inconspicuous, white and glabrous; anthers with horizontal slit dehiscence"	69
69	"Outer surface of staminodes densely hairy (except C. borealis few hairs or glabrous); anther dehiscence sublatrorse"	Commersonia
69	"Outer surface of staminodes glabrous; anther dehiscence extrorse"	Androcalva
70	"Anthers with slit dehiscence; style apical third is stigmatic lobes, recurved or twisted together"	Hannafordia
70	"Anthers with apical, poricidal dehiscence; stigma an inconspicuous, apical tube"	71
71	"Epicalyx bracts three broad, equilaterally attached and totally covering bud; flowers 6-merous (except for Ly. aromaticum 5-merous)"	Lysiosepalum
71	"Epicalyx bracts one broad or 3 narrow to medium width, attached more towards one side and so not totally covering bud; flowers 4- or 5-merous"	72
72	"Calyx with 3–5 thickened, external ribs"	Guichenotia
72	"Calyx without thickened, external ribs"	73
73	"Calyx with one thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules mainly present"	Thomasia
73	"Calyx without thickened, internal rib; leaf stipules absent"	Lasiopetalum