1	"Creeping, rhizomic, silky-hairy perennial of coastal sands; plants dioecious; male spikelets subsessile, in slender racemes clustered at the nodes of the culm; female spikelets solitary near base of a long, stout bristle, many spikes together comprising a globular head to 25 cm diam. which breaks free entire and rolls tumbleweed-like with the wind"	Spinifex
1	"Plants not combining the above features, if ever dioecious, then either a very robust, tufted grass with very scabrous leaves and large plume-like inflorescence, or a creeping grass of damp, saline areas with strongly distichous leaves"	2
2	"A bamboo, with woody culms to c. 15 mm diam., much-branched in upper part; culm-leaves with sheaths distinctly mottled, blades not developed; upper branches each with up to 7 leaves to 17 cm long and about 1 cm wide, joining to their sheaths via a thickened, petiole-like base; not known to flower in Victoria; a garden-escape, currently known only from wet forest in the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne."	Chimonobambusa
2	"Plants not combining the above features, if ever bamboo-like, culms either unbranched or wider than 15 mm diam., and usually with evidence of recent flowering"	3
3	"Inflorescence a cluster of 2-6 spikelets, remaining wholly or largely enclosed and hidden within uppermost leaf-sheaths; vigorous, long-rhizomatous perennial (Kikuyu)"	Cenchrus
3	"Inflorescence exposed beyond uppermost leaf-sheaths, if ever partly concealed, then with many more than 6 spikelets"	4
4	"Spikelets with 1-many florets; if 2-flowered, either the rachilla extending beyond the base of the upper floret, the lower floret bisexual, or spikelets falling free from glumes at maturity; spikelets commonly laterally compressed"	5
4	"Spikelets 2-flowered; rachilla not extending beyond the base of the upper floret; lower floret of spikelet male or barren, sometimes lacking a palea (in Eriochloa the lower glume reduced to a knob-like swelling at the base of the spikelet); upper floret bisexual or female and usually different in appearance from lower; spikelet dorsally compressed or broadly rounded on back, falling with glumes attached"	124
5	"Spikelets not paired, or if ever paired, both sessile or equally pedicellate and similar"	6
5	"Spikelets paired within the inflorescence, unequally pedicellate or with the lower spikelet sessile and the other pedicellate, the sessile and pedicellate spikelets usually dissimilar, occasionally the upper spikelet of each pair reduced, or rarely, absent and represented by a pedicel only"	115
6	"Inflorescence of several clusters of spikelets each subtended by a spathe-like bract; spikelets in groups of 7, the lower 4 male or sterile, surrounding a triad of 2 male spikelets and 1 awned bisexual spikelets (Kangaroo Grass)"	Themeda
6	"Inflorescence not as above; spikelets not grouped in 7s"	7
7	"All spikelets morphologically or functionally unisexual"	8
7	"At least some, and usually all spikelets bisexual (sometimes fertile spikelets subtended by sterile spikelets, or some florets within a spikelet may be unisexual or sterile)"	9
8	"Robust, tufted grass with coarsely scabrous leaf-blades and large plume-like inflorescences on culms at least 1 5 m high (Pampas Grass)"	Cortaderia
8	"Creeping grass with strongly distichous leaves, usually of damp, saline areas"	Distichlis
9	"Spikelets of two kinds-fertile and sterile, the latter consisting of several bracts or empty lemmas, subtending the fertile spikelets; spikelets secund along branches of panicle"	10
9	"Spikelets homogeneous"	11
10	"Panicle lax; fertile spikelets pedicellate, 1-flowered; sterile lemmas obtuse, awnless"	Lamarckia
10	"Panicle rigid; fertile spikelets subsessile, 2-4-flowered; sterile lemmas acuminate or awned"	Cynosurus
11	"Spikelets in 2 rows, one row on each side of the axis (when spikelets several-flowered or grouped in threes, the inflorescence appearing almost cylindric)"	12
11	"Spikelets arranged all round the axis or in one or more rows along one side only of the axis"	27
12	"Spikelets paired, or in groups of 3 at nodes"	13
12	"Spikelets solitary at nodes of spike or raceme"	14
13	"Spikelets 3-6-flowered; glumes obtuse or barely pointed; robust, rhizomatous perennials"	Leymus
13	"Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes awned or long-pointed; tufted annuals"	Hordeum
14	"Lemmas awned dorsally; leaves bearing soft, spreading hairs; axis of inflorescence breaking below each spikelet at maturity; annual of heavy soils, mostly western"	Gaudinia
14	"Lemmas unawned or with a terminal awn"	15
15	"Lemmas 3-nerved, hyaline or thinly membranous"	16
15	"Lemmas 5-9-nerved, firm, more or less opaque"	19
16	"Lemma awnless"	17
16	"Lemma awned"	18
17	"Glumes paired; lemma inserted side-on to rachis (spikelet oriented laterally to axis)"	Parapholis
17	"Glume solitary, external; lemma inserted against the rachis (i.e. palea betweeen lemma and glume)"	Hainardia
18	"Glume solitary (only the terminal spikelet with 2 glumes), minute; ligule membranous; rachis scabrous-pubescent, jointed at each node; annual of sandy ground in west"	Psilurus
18	"Glumes paired, at least 1.5 mm long; ligule ciliate; rachis glabrous, unjointed; annual or perennial of dryish, usually rocky areas"	Tripogonella
19	"Glume solitary; spikelet partially recessed into axis of spike"	Lolium
19	"Glumes paired"	20
20	"Spikelets shortly pedicellate; lemma long-awned, 7-nerved; nodes of culm pubescent"	Brachypodium
20	"Spikelets quite sessile; if lemma long-awned, then 5-nerved; nodes of culm glabrous"	21
21	"Annuals; spikes virtually cylindric; grain falling free from lemma and palea at maturity; cereals, mostly cultivated"	22
21	"Perennials; spikes distichous; grain remaining enclosed between lemma and palea"	23
22	"Spikelet 2-flowered; glumes very narrow, 1-nerved; lemma narrow, hairy along keel"	Secale
22	"Spikelet 2-5-flowered; glumes broad, 5-7-nerved; lemma broad, scabrous along keel"	Triticum
23	"Axis of inflorescence fragile and readily breaking into segments at maturity, smooth along the acute lateral angles; sand-binder of coastal dunes"	Thinopyrum
23	"Axis of inflorescence tough, not readily breaking into segments, scabrous or pubescent along the lateral angles"	24
24	"Plants long-rhizomatous"	Elymus
24	"Plants tufted or shortly rhizomatous"	25
25	"Glumes and lemmas obtuse; robust plants with stout culms usually 1 m high or more; usually cultivated or naturalized on salted land"	Thinopyrum
25	"Glumes and/or lemmas acute, mucronate or awned; smaller plants than above; native grasses"	26
26	"Axis of inflorescence pubescent between spikelets"	Australopyrum
26	"Axis of inflorescence glabrous between spikelets or scabrous along the angles only"	Anthosachne
27	"Lemma distinctly 3-9-lobed, the lobes sometimes terminating in awns"	28
27	"Body of lemma entire, bifid, or shortly 4-toothed, unawned, or with up to 5 awns"	30
28	"Spikelets 2-several-fiowered but only the lower 1 or 2 florets in spikelet fertile; lemma with 9 short, rigid, plumose awns; panicle spike-like"	Enneapogon
28	"Spikelets Lflowered; lemma 3- or 5-lobed"	29
29	"Lemma with 5 smooth or shortly scabrous awns, the central one longer and stouter than the others; palea awnless"	Pentapogon
29	"Lemma with 3 ciliate awns or awn-tipped lobes; palea 2-lobed, the lobes resembling those of the lemma"	Amphipogon
30	"Tall, reed-like grass with plumose panicles; florets surrounded by long, silky hairs; leaves mostly cauline; usually growing in wet or boggy sites"	31
30	"Habit various, other features not combined as above"	32
31	"Culms 1–2 cm diam. or more; lemma and palea villous; rachilla glabrous; plants rarely flowering in Victoria"	Arundo
31	"Culms <1 cm (mostly about 5 mm) diam.; lemma and palea glabrous; rachilla plumose; plants reliably flowering annually in Victoria"	Phragmites
32	"Spikelets with 2-several fertile florets"	33
32	"Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, occasionally with 1 or 2 male or sterile florets above or below, usually dissimilar to the fertile floret"	74
33	"Spikelets with 2 fertile florets (rarely 3 in Avena and Trisetum which have geniculate, dorsal awns attached above midway on the lemma, and Erythranthera, a rare, diminutive grass of the high alps, with blunt or shallowly emarginate lemmas bearing a minute subapical awn)"	34
33	"Spikelets with 3 or more florets"	42
34	"Lemmas with awns exceeding 1 mm"	35
34	"Lemmas unawned (or awns microscopic in Rytidosperma)"	40
35	"Glumes longer than 15 mm"	Avena
35	"Glumes shorter than 15 mm"	36
36	"Panicle contracted and spike-like; alpine perennial"	Trisetum
36	"Panicle loose (contracted in Aim praecox); annuals or perennials"	37
37	"Lemma with slender apical awn and 2 shorter lateral bristles (delicate annual to c. 20 cm high)"	Pentameris
37	"Awn attached dorsally"	38
38	"Spikelets (excluding awns) less than 4 mm long; widespread annuals"	Aira
38	"Spikelets (excluding awns) greater than 4 mm long; perennials"	39
39	"Florets dissimilar; spikelet 8 mm long or more; awn of lower floret 10-20 mm long; occasional weed of cultivation with swollen, corm-like basal internodes"	Arrhenatherum
39	"Florets similar; spikelet 4-6 mm long; awns shortly exceeding lemma; uncommon perennial grass of alps and subalps"	Deschampsia
40	"Lemma oblong, membranous, truncate-denticulate; ligule membranous; small, delicate annual of drier areas, mostly western"	Molineriella
40	"Lemma ovate, firm; ligule ciliate; perennials"	41
41	"Spikelets hardly plump; lemmas not shining; inflorescence contracted with only 2-5 spikelets; very rare, high-alpine grass"	Rytidosperma
41	"Spikelets very plump; lemmas hard and shining; inflorescence relatively broad and open with numerous spikelets; aquatic or semi-aquatic grass, not alpine"	Isachne
42	"Inflorescence an umbel of 3 or more laterally compressed spikes (occasionally with 1-several additional spikes below the umbel)"	43
42	"Inflorescence not umbellate"	44
43	"Axis of spike terminated by a spikelet; weeds usually of areas receiving copious summer water"	Eleusine
43	"Axis of spike terminating in a naked point; uncommon annual of far northwest"	Dactyloctenium
44	"Inflorescence an interrupted spike with spikelets sessile in globose clusters; glumes subequal; lemmas mucronate to very shortly awned; glabrous annual, dubiously recorded for Wimmera"	Elytrophorus
44	"Spikelets variously pedicellate"	45
45	"Large tussock of dry, sandy areas of west and north-west, with very stiff, terete, needle-pointed leaves; inflorescence long and narrow, far exceeding the foliage; lemmas of the several- to many-flowered spikelets truncate or shallowly 2-lobed at summit, silky-hairy in the lower half, the mid-nerve occasionally exserted as a short point"	Triodia
45	"Not combining features as above"	46
46	"Lemma notched at summit or deeply lobed, the mid-nerve exserted as an awn (sometimes minute) between the lobes, or awn dorsal"	47
46	"Lemma entire, erose or obscurely toothed at summit, but not distinctly notched or bilobed"	58
47	"Glumes shorter than or equalling lowest lemma"	48
47	"Glumes longer than lower lemma, often as long as whole spikelet (excluding awns)"	54
48	"Lemma with 3 subequal awns; panicle often purplish, soft and plumose; uncommon tufted perennial of north-west"	Triraphis
48	"Lemma with a single awn, if ever with apical bristles then these short relative to awn"	49
49	"Spikelet dorsally compressed; lemma almost flat dorsally, obtuse, with 2 short lateral lobes and a short, straight mucro between; lower margins silky-hairy"	Diplachne
49	"Spikelets laterally compressed; lemma keeled or raised dorsally, distinctly awned"	50
50	"Lemma 4-toothed at apex (the outer teeth sometimes obscure), or with 4 apical bristles in addition to the large (8 mm or more), distinctly dorsal awn; ligule generally greater than 4 mm long; perennial grasses of seasonally or permanently wet places"	Amphibromus
50	"Lemma not 4-toothed at apex; awn short, or if greater than 8 mm then subterminal; ligule less than 4 mm long; annuals or perennials"	51
51	"Lower glumes and lemmas less than 5 mm (rarely to 6 mm) long; annuals of sandy ground and/or warmer districts"	52
51	"Lower glumes and lemmas more than 5 mm long; annuals or perennials"	53
52	"Glumes very unequal, the lower one minute, bristle-like; lemma narrow, almost cylindric, 3-4.5 mm long"	Avellinia
52	"Glumes subequal; lemma laterally compressed, 2-3 mm long"	Rostraria
53	"Spikelets mostly 3-flowered; glumes and lemmas thinly membranous; awn minute, subapical; ligule ciliate at apex; uncommon perennial of alps and subalps"	Koeleria
53	"Spikelets with more than 4 flowers; glumes and/or lemmas firm at least toward base; awn conspicuous, or if ever very short, then apical; ligule not ciliate at apex"	Bromus
54	"Lemma rather deeply 2-lobed, with central awn geniculate, twisted at base, at least 5 mm long; lemma with hairs on dorsal surface in tufts or more or less covering surface"	Rytidosperma
54	"Lemma shortly notched apically, with awn much less than 5 mm long; lemma glabrous or with hairs confined to lower half and/or margins"	55
55	"Spikelets slender, 6-11-flowered; lemmas thin-textured, conspicuously 9- nerved; annual of sandy soils in low-rainfall areas"	Schismus
55	"Spikelets plump, 2-6-flowered; lemmas firm, indistinctly nerved; uncommon to rare perennials of well-watered sites"	56
56	"Lemmas evenly covered on back in lower half with short, fine hairs; awn obliquely recurved at maturity; very rare grass from swamps in far east 55. Lemmas glabrous on back (sometimes with marginal cilia or tufts of hairs); awn remaining erect"	Plinthanthesis
56	"Lemmas glabrous on back (sometimes with marginal cilia or tufts of hairs); awn remaining erect"	57
57	"Spikelets 7-14 mm long; lemmas smooth and shining dorsally; grass of damp or peaty soils in lowlands with culms exceeding 15 cm high"	Danthonia
57	"Spikelets to 3.5 mm long; lemmas glabrous but not shining; exceedingly rare grass of higher alps with culms to only 8 cm high"	Rytidosperma
58	"Lemma with acute or club-shaped hairs along the lower margins and sometimes on the lower dorsal surface; panicles spike-like, often both terminal and arising from lower nodes; panicles usually embraced by the sheaths of subtending leaves"	Tribolium
58	"Lemma and panicle not as above"	59
59	"Ligule a row of hairs; lemma 3-nerved"	Eragrostis
59	"Ligule membranous; lemma 3-7-nerved"	60
60	"Spikelets very plump, pendent on very fine pedicels; glumes and lemmas rounded dorsally, almost circular, cordate at base"	Briza
60	"Spikelets slender, usually erect; glumes and lemmas distinctly longer than wide, never cordate at base"	61
61	"Spikelets and branchlets attached on one side only of major panicle branches; spikelets and branchlets stiff; lemmas awnless or shortly awned, never woolly toward base"	62
61	"Spikelets arranged all around axis, or if panicle ever appearing one-sided then lax; lemmas frequently awned or woolly toward base"	64
62	"Robust perennial; glumes and lemmas scabrous or bristly along keels; lemmas mucronate or shortly awned"	Dactylis
62	"Annuals to 15 cm high; glumes and lemmas smooth and glabrous; lemmas obtuse or truncate, awnless"	63
63	"Spikelet tapered slightly from the thick pedicel; glumes subequal; lemmas obtuse, thick, obscurely nerved, 2-3 mm long"	Catapodium
63	"Spikelet expanding abruptly from the pedicel; glumes unequal; lemmas truncate, rather thin and distinctly 5-nerved, 5-6 mm long"	Sclerochloa
64	"Glumes very unequal, acuminate; lemmas very narrow, long-awned; leaf-sheaths glabrous or  pubescent; anther 1"	Vulpia
64	"Glumes subequal or if ever quite unequal then at least lower leaf-sheaths pubescent; lemmas entire or shortly awned; anthers 3"	65
65	"Ligule 8-20 mm long; culms usually greater than lm high (up to c. 3 m); panicle loose, 15-50 cm long; lemmas obtuse, membranous at apex, strongly scabrous along the 5 nerves; short-lived grass mostly of disturbed sites in wettish mountain forests"	"Dryopoa {Dryopoa dives}"
65	"Ligule less than 8 mm long; combined features otherwise not as above"	66
66	"Lemma obtuse at apex, awnless"	67
66	"Lemma pointed at apex, often awned"	71
67	"Lemma keeled dorsally; thinly membranous at least about the apex"	68
67	"Lemma rounded dorsally, more or less firm throughout"	70
68	"Lemma membranous throughout, glabrous; palea as long as or longer than lemma; uncommon grass of alps and subalps"	Koeleria
68	"Lemma usually firm at least toward base, often with a tuft of cottony hairs and/or with short hairs on the body toward base"	69
69	"Tufted alpine perennial with well-developed papery obtuse ligule, flat leaves and lemmas that are glabrous apart from the ciliate lower margins"	Saxipoa
69	"If ever tufted alpine and perennial, then either ligule not developed or narrow and acute, leaves mostly inrolled, or if ever flat, then lemma hairy to some extent beyond ciliate margins"	Poa
70	"Upper glume 1-nerved; lemmas distinctly 5-nerved; leaf-sheaths tubular in lower part, often with distinct transverse septa between longitudinal veins; grasses of freshwater swamps or drainage lines"	Glyceria
70	"Upper glume 3-nerved; lemmas obscurely 5-nerved; leaf-sheaths open to base, lacking transverse septa; grasses of wet, saline ground"	Puccinellia
71	"Ovary hairy at apex; styles subterminal; at least the lower leaf-sheaths with soft, more or less reflexed hairs; mostly annuals"	Bromus
71	"Ovary entirely glabrous; styles terminal; leaf-sheaths glabrous or with scattered hairs; perennials"	72
72	"Lemmas keeled toward apex; callus glabrous"	Festuca
72	"Lemmas keeled throughout; callus pubescent"	73
73	"Panicles contracted and nearly spike-like; rhizomatous grass of coastal sand dunes"	Poa
73	"Panicles open; caespitose grasses of subalps or swampy lowland sites, but not coastal dunes"	Hookerochloa
74	"Inflorescence variously composed of spikes or spike-like racemes with the spikelets arranged on one side only; spikes commonly umbellately arranged"	75
74	"Inflorescence a raceme or panicle (sometimes very contracted and appearing spike-like but spikelets at least shortly pedicellate), never digitate"	79
75	"Glumes solitary (or rarely paired), much reduced, the lower a ± triangular, sometimes short-ciliate wedge (0.3–0.6 mm long), the upper glume smaller or usually absent; lodicules absent; stigmas 1"	Nardus
75	"Glumes paired, equal to enequal in length; upper glume usually > 0.6 mm long; lodicules present in fertile florets; stigmas 2"	76
76	"Spikes paired or if spikes more than 2, then arising from several levels of main axis; rigid, strongly rhizomatous grasses of tidal mud-flats"	Sporobolus
76	"Spikes arranged in umbels (sometimes paired in the fine-leaved, uncommon lawn grass Cynodon transvaalensis)"	77
77	"Spikelets 2-3 mm long, with 1 floret only; lemma awnless; rhizomatous perennials"	Cynodon
77	"Spikelets mostly greater than 3 mm long, with 1-several male or sterile florets above the bisexual floret; fertile lemma awned; tufted or stoloniferous annuals or perennials"	78
78	"Spikelets laterally compressed"	Chloris
78	"Spikelets dorsally compressed"	Enteropogon
79	"Glume solitary, hardened, completely enclosing the lemma and palea"	80
79	"Glumes paired, or if ever apparently solitary, not completely enclosing lemma and palea"	81
80	"Spikelets in shortly stalked pairs in a cylindric, spike-like inflorescence, the single glume with rows of stout, hooked bristles; rather rare annual of north­west"	Tragus
80	"Spikelets solitary in a slender spike-like raceme, the glume smooth, often shining and blackish, sometimes shortly awned; distichous-leaved perennial of sea-shores and (rarely) inland salt-lakes"	Zoysia
81	"Inflorescence cylindric, showy, with spikelets falling intact, usually in clusters of 2-5, each spikelet subtended and exceeded by a tuft or involucre of scabrous or plumose bristles"	Cenchrus
81	"Spikelets neither falling in clusters, nor subtended by long bristles"	82
82	"Fertile floret subtended by 1 or 2 barren or male lemmas-the spikelets then sometimes appearing to have 4 glumes (barren lemmas sometimes exceedingly small in Phalaris and true glumes minute in Microlaena)"	83
82	"Fertile floret never subtended by male or barren lemmas (occasionally a second male or sterile floret above fertile floret)"	88
83	"Glumes minute relative to spikelet, somewhat separated from the lemmas due to a bristly, elongated callus at the base of the lowest sterile lemma; both sterile lemmas long-awned; inflorescence usually weeping"	Microlaena
83	"At least the upper glumes one-fifth or more as long as spikelet, overlapping the lemmas; inflorescence various"	84
84	"Inflorescence a dense, many-flowered spike-like raceme or panicle; at least the upper glume exceeding the sterile lemmas"	85
84	"Inflorescence either a loose panicle or a slender, few(less than 20)-flowered raceme; glumes shorter than the sterile lemmas"	86
85	"Sterile lemmas longer than fertile floret, awned; glumes very unequal, membranous and shining, never winged; strongly coumarin-scented"	Anthoxanthum
85	"Sterile lemmas rudimentary (sometimes only 1), unawned, shorter than the fertile floret; glumes equal, strongly flattened laterally, the prominent keel often produced into a wing; non-aromatic"	Phalaris
86	"Lower lemmas staminate; palea 1-nerved; strongly coumarin-scented; alpine bogs or dryish foothill forests"	Hierochloe
86	"Lower lemmas barren; palea 2-nerved; non-aromatic"	87
87	"Inflorescence paniculate, usually many-flowered; anthers 6; tufted or rhizomatous weeds"	Ehrharta
87	"Inflorescence a few-flowered raceme; anthers 4; trailing, ascending or climbing native grasses"	Tetrarrhena
88	"Glumes absent; lemma 5-nerved, hispid along nerves, the closely recurved margins holding firmly the narrow palea; semi-aquatic grass, forming loose swards"	Leersia
88	"Glumes present, paired but sometimes unequal"	89
89	"Spikelet falling as a unit (i.e. with glumes attached) at maturity"	90
89	"Glumes persisting on plant after remainder of mature spikelet has fallen"	92
90	"Spikelets with 2 (very rarely 3) florets, the lower bisexual, unawned, the upper male or sterile, awned; spikelets falling complete, with glumes attached; plants usually more or less covered with short downy hairs"	Holcus
90	"Spikelets with a single floret"	91
91	"Glumes obtuse, awnless, connate at base; lemma with a dorsal, geniculate awn; palea absent"	Alopecurus
91	"Glumes either acute and unawned or obtuse and finely awned, entirely free; lemma awnless or with a short, fine, terminal awn; palea present"	Polypogon
92	"Lemma awnless (but glumes sometimes awn-tipped)"	93
92	"Lemma awned (sometimes minutely so)"	97
93	"Glumes awned, with a row of coarse, erect bristles along the keel; inflorescence a dense, spike-like panicle"	Phleum
93	"Glumes awnless"	94
94	"Glumes shorter than or equal to lemma; seed-coat free from seed when dry; panicle (except in S. caroli) spike-like"	Sporobolus
94	"Glumes longer than lemma; seed-coat remaining closely adherent to seed"	95
95	"Spikelet dorsally compressed; lemma of firmer texture than glumes; panicle dense and spike-like; leaves sharp-pointed; robust, rhizomatous grass of sandy coastal sites, often planted as dune stabilizer"	Calamagrostis
95	"Spikelet laterally compressed; lemma of thinner texture than glumes; panicle open or contracted but not spike-like"	96
96	"Rachilla extension 30–100% of lemma length; inflorescence often breaking below the lowest branch and falling intact, acting as a wind-dispersed diaspore; palea well-developed at least 60% of lemma length;"	Lachnagrostis
96	"Rachilla extension less than 20% of lemma length; inflorescence remaining intact until after spikelets mature; palea usually absent or minute (but developed in weedy, rhizomatous A. capillaris, A. gigantea and A. stolonifera)"	Agrostis
97	"Glumes plumose-hairy, gradually tapered to a fine bristle-point; lemma with 3 fine awns, the central longer than the lateral pair; panicle softly hairy, dense, ovoid, 1-7 mm long; velvety annual of near-coastal and inland sandy areas"	Lagurus
97	"Glumes glabrous, scabrous or shortly hairy; other combined features not as above"	98
98	"Awns 3 or 5, or the single awn 3-branched"	99
98	"Awn solitary, but sometimes inserted between 2 acute lobes"	101
99	"Awns 5, the central one larger than sometimes unequal lateral pairs, and spirally twisting at the base"	Pentapogon
99	"Awns 3 or awn 3-branched"	100
100	"Awns very unequal, the central one much longer and stouter than the lateral ones; glumes several-nerved, the longer 35 mm long or more; grass of lowlands in east"	Anisopogon
100	"Awns equal or subequal; glumes 1-nerved, not exceeding 30 mm in length; grasses of drier, rocky or sandy sites, mostly western"	Aristida
101	"Glumes 3-7-nerved; awn quite terminal on lemma"	102
101	"Glumes 1-nerved; awn attached dorsally but sometimes very near apex of lemma"	107
102	"Lemma obovoid, truncate at apex, strongly scabrous (sometimes laterally ridged), to 3 mm long; awn attached nearer dorsal side of lemma summit"	103
102	"Lemma cylindric to narrowly ovoid, narrowed at apex, smooth or granular, if ever scabrous then 5 mm long or more; awn attached more or less centrally at apex"	104
103	"Lemma margins overlapping and covering palea; lemma surface more or less evenly scabrous"	Nassella
103	"Lemma margins not overlapping, often exposing palea which has a narrow central groove; lemma suface with transverse scabrous ridges"	Piptochaetium
104	"Awn of lemma deciduous, but often retained within the tip of the narrowly incurved upper glume; lemma to 2 mm long, quite smooth and glabrous; callus blunt and glabrous"	Oloptum
104	"Awn of lemma persistent; lemma 3 mm long or more; callus sharp-pointed and covered with hairs"	105
105	"Summit of lemma forming a firm, cylindrical corona 0.5–2.5 mm long, terminated by a ring of erect bristles or spines; palea less than half as long as lemma; introduced species"	Nassella
105	"Summit of lemma without corona, but sometimes with a fuft of soft hars at apex; palea usually more than half as long as lemma; native species"	106
106	"Awn less than 20 mm long; seed (caryopsis) plump, top-shaped, loosely enclosed within the lemma; rows of seed-like propagules (cleistogenes) borne in basal leaf-sheaths; introduced, weedy grass sometimes forming closed swards"	Amelichloa
106	"Awn more than 20 mm long; seed (caryopsis) narrow, closely enclosed by lemma; cleistogenes not produced; native grasses"	Austrostipa
107	"Awn 10 mm long or more; awn inserted between 2 (sometimes minute) apical lobes"	108
107	"Awn less than 10 mm long; awn commonly distinctly dorsal"	110
108	"Panicle bristly, very dense, ovoid or spike-like; awn rigid, erect"	Echinopogon
108	"Panicle soft, open to contracted, rarely spike-like; awn fine, sinuate or geniculate"	109
109	"Ligule mostly longer than 2.5 mm long; at least the lower glume less than 2.5 mm long; anthers to 0.5 mm long. Weedy annual; in Victoria known only from Bogong High Plains"	Apera
109	"Ligule to 2 mm long (rarely to 5 mm and plants perennial in near-coastal areas); glumes longer than 2.5 mm long; anthers c. 1 mm long or more. Native perennials; widespread but rare in alps"	Dichelachne
110	"Glumes swollen, hardened and shining near base; lemma (only c. 1.5 mm long) less than one-third as long as glumes, with conspicuous bent awn to 7 mm long"	Gastridium
110	"Glumes not swollen or hardened near base; lemma at least one-half as long as glumes"	111
111	"Panicle very dense, ovoid or spike-like; awn 7 mm or longer, rigid, erect, rather stout"	Echinopogon
111	"Panicle loose or contracted or if ever spike-like, awn either less than 7 mm long, or slender and geniculate or sinuate"	112
112	"Glumes each with a slender awn c. 2 mm long"	Polypogon
112	"Glumes unawned, but acute or acuminate"	113
113	"Lemma papery, firmer than glumes, usually acute at apex; palea always well-developed; panicle sometimes spike-like"	Deyeuxia
113	"Lemma membranous, thinner than glumes, usually truncate (occasionally 4-toothed) at apex; palea sometimes absent or rudimentary; panicle never spike-like"	114
114	"Rachilla extension 30–100% of lemma length; inflorescence often breaking below the lowest branch and falling intact, acting as a wind-dispersed diaspore; palea well-developed at least 60% of lemma length;"	Lachnagrostis
114	"Rachilla extension less than 20% of lemma length; inflorescence remaining intact until after spikelets mature; palea usually absent or minute (but developed in weedy, rhizomatous A. capillaris, A. gigantea and A. stololifera)"	Agrostis
115	"Fertile lemma awnless; inflorescence narrow-cylindric"	116
115	"Fertile lemma awned (sometimes the awn eariy-deciduous in Sorghum); inflorescence paniculate or of 2 or more narrow racemes"	117
116	"Spikelets of each pair unequally pedicellate, white and silky, in a dense fluffy narrow panicle; glumes never hooked"	Imperata
116	"Spikelets green and glabrous partly recessed along rachis in 2-4 ranks; upper spikelet of each pair with pedicel partly fused to rachis, often appearing sessile; inner (or both) glumes of pedicellate spikelet commonly shortly hooked at apex"	Hemarthria
117	"Awned bisexual floret bordered by a pair of unawned male spikelets, the 3 surrounded by an involucre of 4 male or barren spikelets; each aggregate of 7 spikelets subtended by a spathe-like bract and several of these combined into a pedunculate, nodding cluster within a sparse panicle (Kangaroo Grass)"	Themeda
117	"Spikelets in pairs (lower sessile, upper shortly pedicellate)"	118
118	"Both spikelets in each pair awned and fertile; glumes covered with silky brown hairs"	Eulalia
118	"Only the sessile spikelet awned and fertile"	119
119	"Inflorescence a loose or dense panicle; spikelets somewhat plump at maturity"	Sorghum
119	"Inflorescence composed of 2 or more narrow spike-like racemes; spikelets strongly compressed dorsally, not plump at maturity"	120
120	"Racemes paired, one or more pairs arising from the axil of a spathe-like bract"	121
120	"Racemes 2-6, erect or nodding, not subtended by spathe-like bracts"	123
121	"Raceme pairs distinctly pedunculate; column of awn pubescent; lower glume of sessile spikelet rounded on back"	Hyparrhenia
121	"Raceme pairs sessile or subsessile; column of awn glabrous; lower glume of sessile spikelet 2-keeled"	122
122	"Racemes erect or suberect at maturity; foliage not scented"	Andropogon
122	"Racemes deflexed at maturity; foliage somewhat lemon-scented"	Cymbopogon
123	"Nodes of culm encircled by a dense silky hairs 2 mm long or more; glumes not pitted; pedicels and rachis segments without a translucent median line"	Dichanthium
123	"Nodes of culm glabrous or with rather sparse hairs to 1 mm long; glume of lower floret of each spikelet pair often deeply pitted dorsally; pedicels and rachis with a translucent median line"	Bothriochloa
124	"Male and female inflorescences separated on same plant; male spikelets in a loose terminal panicle; female spikelets arranged on a stout spike, remaining concealed within broad sheathing bracts in axils (maize or sweet corn); probably not in Victoria, see note below Poaceae description"	Zea
124	"Spikelets bisexual or if ever unisexual, both sexes mixed within inflorescence"	125
125	"Spikelets arising in 2s (occasionally in 3s) within inflorescence, unequally pedicellate or with 1 spikelet sessile and the other 1 or 2 spikelets pedicellate, the sessile and pedicellate spikelets usually dissimilar; fertile lemma and palea membranous, of thinner texture than glumes"	126
125	"Spikelets arising singly, or if ever paired (rarely), then spikelets similar; fertile lemma and palea of firmer texture than glumes (except in dense-flowered Neurachne of sandy soils in drier west)"	135
126	"Fertile lemma awnless; inflorescence narrow-cylindric"	127
126	"Fertile lemma awned (sometimes the awn eariy-deciduous in Sorghum); inflorescence paniculate or of 2 or more narrow racemes"	128
127	"Spikelets of each pair unequally pedicellate, white and silky, in a dense fluffy narrow panicle; glumes never hooked"	Imperata
127	"Spikelets green and glabrous partly recessed along rachis in 2-4 ranks; upper spikelet of each pair with pedicel partly fused to rachis, often appearing sessile; inner (or both) glumes of pedicellate spikelet commonly shortly hooked at apex"	Hemarthria
128	"Awned bisexual floret bordered by a pair of unawned male spikelets, the 3 surrounded by an involucre of 4 male or barren spikelets; each aggregate of 7 spikelets subtended by a spathe-like bract and several of these combined into a pedunculate, nodding cluster within a sparse panicle (Kangaroo Grass)"	Themeda
128	"Spikelets in pairs (lower sessile, upper shortly pedicellate)"	129
129	"Both spikelets in each pair awned and fertile; glumes covered with silky brown hairs"	Eulalia
129	"Only the sessile spikelet awned and fertile"	130
130	"Inflorescence a loose or dense panicle; spikelets somewhat plump at maturity"	Sorghum
130	"Inflorescence composed of 2 or more narrow spike-like racemes; spikelets strongly compressed dorsally, not plump at maturity"	131
131	"Racemes paired, one or more pairs arising from the axil of a spathe-like bract"	132
131	"Racemes 2-6, erect or nodding, not subtended by spathe-like bracts"	134
132	"Raceme pairs distinctly pedunculate; column of awn pubescent; lower glume of sessile spikelet rounded on back"	Hyparrhenia
132	"Raceme pairs sessile or subsessile; column of awn glabrous; lower glume of sessile spikelet 2-keeled"	133
133	"Racemes erect or suberect at maturity; foliage not scented"	Andropogon
133	"Racemes deflexed at maturity; foliage somewhat lemon-scented"	Cymbopogon
134	"Nodes of culm encircled by a dense silky hairs 2 mm long or more; glumes not pitted; pedicels and rachis segments without a translucent median line"	Dichanthium
134	"Nodes of culm glabrous or with rather sparse hairs to 1 mm long; glume of lower floret of each spikelet pair often deeply pitted dorsally; pedicels and rachis with a translucent median line"	Bothriochloa
135	"Lower glume much reduced, represented by a bead-like swelling at the spikelet base"	Eriochloa
135	"Lower glume sometimes reduced (absent in Axonopus, Paspalum and some Digitaria) but never appearing as a bead-like swelling"	136
136	"Inflorescence a dense, ovoid to cylindric, spike-like raceme 1-3 cm long; glumes equal to or longer than lemma, densely covered with silky blue-grey hairs on margin; rigid grass of mallee-scrub, drier heathland and woodlands in west"	Neurachne
136	"Inflorescence paniculate, or if spike-like, then glumes shorter than lemma"	137
137	"Upper glume truncate or emarginate, with a short point or awn arising from the notch, densely covered with pinkish silky hairs; panicle loose"	Melinis
137	"Glumes unawned or tapered gradually to a distinctly terminal awn"	138
138	"Spikelet subtended by 1-many bristles or spines, almost as long as or longer than spikelet"	139
138	"Spikelets not subtended by bristles or spines (but racemes sometimes terminated by a slender point, which may be much longer than spikelets, and then the terminal spikelet apparently subtended by a bristle), if ever rachis hairy, then hairs much shorter than spikelet"	142
139	"Spikelets falling with spines or bristles attached"	Cenchrus
139	"Spikelets falling free from spines or bristles which remain on the inflorescence axes"	140
140	"Bristles scabrous, completely surrounding the spikelet; inflorescence dense, spike-like"	Setaria
140	"Bristles smooth, not completely surrounding the base of the spikelet; inflorescence of several one-sided racemes"	141
141	"Ligule absent"	Echinochloa
141	"Ligule present, a fringe of hairs"	Urochloa
142	"Branches of inflorescence each terminated by a slender bristle"	143
142	"Branches of inflorescence terminated by a spikelet, or inflorescence unbranched (in Stenotaphrum)"	145
143	"Glumes and lemmas obtuse to acute, not narrow-acuminate or awn-tipped; upper lemma with transverse wrinkles"	Paspalidium
143	"Glume(s) and/or lower lemma narrow-acuminate or awned; upper lemma without transverse wrinkles"	144
144	"Lower glume reduced, truncate; grasses of margins of watercourses and seasonally inundated ground"	Pseudoraphis
144	"Lower glume long-awned, exceeding spikelet; delicate creeping grass of moist shaded lowland forests in east"	Oplismenus
145	"Fertile lemma more or less covered with short downy hairs; scrambling grasses of eastern Victoria, often with the leaf-sheaths nodulose between the veins"	Entolasia
145	"Fertile lemma glabrous; habit various but leaf-sheaths not nodulose between veins"	146
146	"Inflorescence composed of one or more spikes or spike-like racemes with the spikelets arranged on one side only of the axis; axis often distinctly flattened"	147
146	"Inflorescence an open panicle, if ever apparently composed of spike-like racemes then the spikelets arranged all around the terete or angular axis"	152
147	"Spikelets in 2-4 rows, recessed into the flattened, 4-6 mm broad, rachis which breaks into segments at maturity; tough, rather thick-leaved stoloniferous perennial"	Stenotaphrum
147	"Spikelets not recessed into rachis, falling free from it at maturity; branches of inflorescence sometimes angular but not distinctly flattened and never 6 mm broad"	148
148	"Inflorescence with slender racemes attached at or near the apex of the culm and radiating digitately from it; spikelets usually in pairs (1 pedicel longer than the other); outer glume reduced, abaxial (i.e. facing away from rachis); fertile lemma with flat, membranous margins"	Digitaria
148	"Inflorescence not digitate (but sometimes bifurcate); spikelets rarely paired; fertile lemma with thickened, inrolled margins"	149
149	"Lower glume absent or rudimentary (less than one-fifth as long as spikelet); spikelets flattened"	150
149	"Lower glume present, more than one-third as long as spikelet; spikelets biconvex, often plump"	151
150	"Glume on side of spikelet adjacent to rachis; tufted, shortly rhizomatous or semi-aquatic grasses"	Paspalum
150	"Lower (infertile) lemma on side of spikelet adjacent to rachis; creeping grass, occasionally escaping from lawns or pastures"	Axonopus
151	"Ligule present, a fringe of hairs"	Urochloa
151	"Ligule absent"	Echinochloa
152	"Lower glume up to half the spikelet length, or if ever to 90% of spikelet length, then long-acuminate; upper glume not strongly ribbed; ligule distinctly ciliate, to 2.5 (mostly 0.5-1) mm long"	Panicum
152	"Lower glume 60-90% as long as the spikelet, obtuse to acute; upper glume strongly ribbed by the thickened nerves; ligule membranous, sometimes minutely toothed at summit, but hardly ciliate, to 4 mm long"	Walwhalleya