1	"Capsule septicidal and often partly loculicidal, usually not strongly compressed; woody perennials, subshrubs or shrubs"	2
1	"Capsule loculicidal and sometimes partly septicidal, strongly laterally compressed; annual or perennial herbs"	5
2	"Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate-oblong or oblong, coriaceous to almost fleshy, margins never with teeth, apex obtuse"	"Veronica speciosa"
2	"Leaves pinnate, lanceolate to narrow-ovate, thin textured, margins often with teeth, apex acute or acuminate"	3
3	"Leaves pinnately divided, often further divided or lobed"	"Veronica nivea"
3	"Leaves not pinnately divided"	4
4	"Leaves non-glaucous, not fused at base, margins with 30–80 pairs of apiculate teeth; flowers white or pale lilac or pale blue"	"Veronica derwentiana"
4	"Leaves stongly glaucous, at least some fused at base, margins entire, finely crenate or with up to c. 10 pairs of shallow or coarse acute teeth; flowers blue or purplish-blue"	"Veronica perfoliata"
5	"Herbs growing in or near water; stems hollow, glabrous, mostly more than 30 cm high"	6
5	"Herbs of non-aquatic sites; stems not hollow, pilose, mostly less than 30 cm high"	7
6	"Flowers blue or lilac, capsule usually slightly longer than broad and not or scarcely emarginate; fruiting pedicels ascending, mostly 5–6 mm long and longer than bracts"	"Veronica anagallis-aquatica"
6	"Flowers pink, capsule usually broader than long and slightly emarginate; fruiting pedicels spreading, mostly 2.5–3 mm long and shorter than bracts"	"Veronica catenata"
7	"Annual or perennial herbs, flowers in axils of leaves or bracts on upper parts of leafy stems (i.e. in terminal racemes); bracts similar to or much smaller than leaves"	8
7	"Perennial herbs, flowers in lateral racemes with bracts distinctly smaller than leaves"	12
8	"Pedicels less than 5 mm long in fruit"	9
8	"Pedicels more than 5 mm long in fruit"	11
9	"Leaves ovate-triangular, coarsely toothed or crenate with obtuse teeth (but sometimes withered at anthesis); style 0.3–0.8 mm long in fruit; stems usually densely pilose"	"Veronica arvensis"
9	"Leaves narrow- or broad-elliptic, entire or very shallowly toothed or crenate; style in fruit either less than 0.3 mm long or longer than 1.3 mm; stems mostly sparsely pilose or with minutely antrorse hairs"	10
10	"Leaves narrow-elliptic; style virtually obsolete (to c. 0.2 mm long); stems with scat- tered spreading glandular hairs"	"Veronica peregrina"
10	"Leaves broad-elliptic, style 1.3–3 mm long in fruit; stems glabrous or with minute, antrorse hairs (rarely glandular-pilose)"	"Veronica serpyllifolia"
11	"Pedicels 12–18 mm long in fruit; capsules slightly broader than long"	"Veronica hederifolia"
11	"Pedicels 30–40 mm long in fruit; capsules distinctly broader than long"	"Veronica persica"
12	"Plant with above-ground stolons or prostrate stems"	13
12	"Plant with underground rhizomes"	18
13	"Leaves mostly more than 30 mm long"	14
13	"Leaves mostly less than 30 mm long"	15
14	"Leaves with base cuneate; capsules shallowly obcordate with rounded lobes; calyx- lobes often glabrous toward apex; stem-hairs mostly long and spreading"	"Veronica notabilis"
14	"Leaves with base mostly truncate; capsules slightly emarginate with somewhat diverging lobes; calyx-lobes usually finely ciliate on margins and apex; stem-hairs mostly short, slender and antrorsely curved"	"Veronica grosseserrata"
15	"Racemes 15–25-flowered"	"Veronica officinalis"
15	"Racemes mostly up to 10-flowered"	16
16	"Corolla-lobes 8–12 mm long; capsule glabrous; far south-west only"	"Veronica hillebrandii"
16	"Corolla-lobes to 6 mm long; capsule ciliate or glabrous; widespread herbs"	17
17	"Leaves with rounded or subacute apex and teeth; hairs on stems 1–2 mm long"	"Veronica calycina"
17	"Leaves with acute apex and teeth; hairs on stems all or mostly less than 0.4 mm long"	"Veronica plebeia"
18	"Stems with fine rigid hairs, (0.1–)0.2–0.5 mm long; sepals (4.5–)5.5–7(–8); leaves narrow-ovate or linear, mostly 1.5–4 mm wide, entire or with 1–4 pairs of spreading teeth; capsule longer than wide, upper margin with scattered hairs"	"Veronica gracilis"
18	"Stems with very short hairs c. 0.1 mm long; sepals (3.5–)4–5 mm long; leaves linear, mostly 0.6–2 mm wide, entire; capsule wider than long, glabrous"	"Veronica subtilis"