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Fruiting heads grouped into conceptacles or clusters surrounded by ±fused bracts, often forming burrs, or spiny, sessile in the axils of leaves along the stems (male capitula sometimes in terminal or axillary ±spikelike clusters) Fruiting heads not axillary conceptacles or burrs, or if with stiff barbed bristles, then in terminal heads Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above Leaves alternate or in basal rosette Leaves deeply divided Leaves entire, toothed or rarely shallowly lobed Fruits achenes with 2 terminal spines in heads surrounded by loose bracts Fruits achenes enclosed in spiny conceptacle of fused bracts [link through] Leaves deeply divided Leaves entire, toothed, or if lobed or pinnately divided then fruits covered with hooked spines Flower heads with all florets with rays Flower heads with a mixture of ray and tubular/filiform florets, or all tubular/filiform florets Florets blue or violet, rarely white Florets (at least outer ones) yellow to orange Pappus of plumose hairs (marginal achenes sometimes not plumose) Pappus of minute scales Leaves linear, grass-like, entire Leaves oblong, margins toothed, sinuate or pinnatifid [link through] Receptacle paleate Receptacle epaleate Stems winged; plants spiny Stems without wings; soft herbs Involucral bracts in 1 whorl (2 whorls in Leontodon, but outer whorl tiny) Involucral bracts in more than 1 whorl, usually gradate Pappus hairs plumose Pappus of scales or bristles Leaves oblanceolate to lyrate, margins toothed to pinnatisect Leaves linear, grass-like, entire All leaves in a basal rosette Leaves basal and/or cauline Outer involucral bracts spreading or recurved at maturity All bracts clasping and tightly appressed Inner involucral bracts in several series; achene usually beaked Inner involucral bracts in 2 series; achenes unbeaked [link through] Pappus of plumose hairs on central achenes only (scales on outer ones) Pappus of bristles or scales Pappus of long scales or of bristles broader at the base Pappus of scabrid bristles which are not broader at base [link through] Taprooted perennial herbs; achenes usually beaked Stoloniferous herb, rooting at nodes; achenes not beaked [link through] Achenes beaked apically Achenes not beaked, abruptly constricted apically or gradually tapering Pappus hairs plumose Pappus hairs simple or at most minutely scabridulous Outer involucral bracts conspicuously cordate to broadly ovate Outer involucral bracts not broadly ovate or cordate [link through] Achenes strongly compressed Achenes not compressed Achene with 1 or more rings of teeth (scales) below beak Achenes without teeth below beak [link through] Inner involucral bracts hardened All involucral bracts soft [link through] Achenes strongly compressed Achenes not or hardly compressed Achenes elongate-elliptic Achenes flask-shaped [link through] Pappus of plumose hairs Pappus of bristles, scales or absent [link through] Pappus absent Pappus present, rarely absent and then achene 4-ribbed [link through] Pappus of scales (inner achene pappus scales sometimes awned) Pappus of bristles or absent Achenes with 6 to several ribs Achenes rough and 4-ribbed or 4-angled Stellate hairs present Stellate hairs absent Stolons absent; basal leaves with an abrupt transition from petiole to blade; upper stem and peduncles lacking long non-glandular hairs; achenes > 2.5 mm long, the ribs apically confluent in an obscure ring; pappus-bristles in two rows, the hairs unequal Leafy stolons present; basal leaves tapering gradually to base; achenes < 2.5 mm long, the ribs projecting distally to form a crenulate apex; pappus hairs in 1 row with a few shorter than the rest [link through] Stem leaves with clasping auricles Stem leaves lacking clasping auricles Pappus of numerous long bristles Pappus of a single row of minute bristles, inner achenes with additional 2–5 longer ones [link through] Pappus scale-like, broadened at base Pappus of fine silky hairs All florets tubular and/or filiform, or ray florets with short inconspicuous rays (<3 mm long); involucral bracts sometimes coloured and spreading, resembling rays Outer florets with obvious rays (> 3mm long) Styles with a tuft of hairs below the stigmatic branches; receptacles paleate with scales or bristles (receptacle with a single floret in Echinops); leaves usually spine-tipped (spiny thistles) Styles lacking tuft of hairs below stigmatic branches; receptacles epaleate, or if with scales then leaves opposite and not spiny (Parthenium has alternate leaves, deciduous paleae; Pilbara has paleae and alternate leaves) Receptacle epaleate, glabrous Receptacle paleate with scales or setae Heads simple, each an individual multi-floretted capitulum Heads compound, of many 1-floretted capitula [link through] Receptacle with scales Receptacle with setae Floret corollas yellow Floret corollas purple, pink or white [link through] Achenes cylindrical or 4-ribbed Achenes compressed or flat Achenes cylindrical; plants with latex Achenes 4-ribbed; plants lacking latex [link through] [link through] Leaves lobed and spiny Leaves scarcely lobed, lacking spines Involucral bracts with a terminal spine only Involucral bracts with a terminal spine and 2–8 lateral spinules [link through] Involucral bracts leaf-like and loose Involucral bracts scale-like and more or less appressed Achenes compressed, flat Achenes 4-angled Achenes obliquely attached to receptacle Achenes vertically attached to receptacle Pappus deciduous Pappus persistent, rarely absent Pappus absent Pappus persistent Achenes smooth or sulcate, never foveolate Achenes diversely ridged, ribbed or foveolate Annual to 80 cm tall Perennial to 150 cm tall [link through] Achenes compressed Achenes terete; Pappus 1–3.5 mm long Pappus 15–40 mm long Leaves uniformly green on upper surface Leaves white-veined or variegated on upper surface [link through] [link through] Pappus hairs simple or barbellate Pappus hairs plumose [link through] Leaves opposite, at least towards base of plant Leaves alternate (spirally arranged) or in a basal rosette Leaves opposite at least basally, rarely in whorls Leaves alternate and/or rosulate Heads compound Heads simple Inflorescence loosely spike-like, with heads of 1–6 capitula each with 4 florets Inflorescence a dense compound head [link through] Corolla 4 lobed Corolla 5-lobed ±equisized (if fewer lobes then not split) Secondary involucre (sometimes small) of densely clustered leaves and/or bracts enclosing compound heads Secondary involucre absent, with just a few loosely arranged leaves below the compound head Leaves opposite petiolate Leaves alternate radicle or opposite sessile Compound head surrounded by numerous white or yellow scales Compound head surrounded by few scales or leaves Receptacle paleate Receptacle epaleate Corolla hairy Corolla glabrous Outer florets female and/or all florets filiform All florets tubular and bisexual Plant stemless Plants with erect stems Pappus plumose, as long as or longer than corolla; plants prostrate Pappus absent, or of various types, but if as long as corolla, plants erect Glabrous erect herb dichotomously branching from below terminal capitulum Usually hairy herbs, iregularly branching, lateral ininflorescences rarely overtopping terminal ones Individual capitulum with all florets alike (homogamous) Individual capitula with 2 types of florets (heterogamous) Achenes tapering into a terminal beak Achenes more or less abruptly constricted below pappus Stems winged Stems not winged (if leaves decurrent, not along whole internode) Pappus bristle-like Pappus absent Leaves lobed or deeply divided Leaves entire or toothed Pappus absent or of very short hairs or scales Pappus hair-like, or with bristles longer than half the length of the achene Water plant with soft branches; involucral bracts 4 Delicate terrestrial plant with stiffly erect branches; involucral bracts many [link through] Upper leaves clasping stem; pappus of fine hairs All leaves not clasping; pappus of few bristles Involucral bracts fused into tube; plant with pungent smell Involucral bracts free; plant usually odourless Pappus absent or very small Pappus at least half as long as achene Capitulum covered with glandular hairs Capitulum without glands Capitula axillary and sessile in axils of leaves Capitula terminal and more or less stalked Swamp plants; involucral bracts 4, outer 2 longer than inner two Plants of dry land; involucral bracts 2 or many (never 4) Florets 4 per capitulum; pappus of 2 awns fused to wings; involucral bracts 2 Florets 7–50 per capitulum; pappus absent; involucral bracts many [link through] [link through] Pappus absent Pappus of small scales or a lacerate crown [link through] Florets numerous in each capitulum Florets few (c. 5 or 6) per capitulum Ray florets absent; disc florets usually blue to mauve, sometimes white Ray florets present, with white ligules to c. 1.8 mm long; disc florets whitish [link through] Capitula with 4 or 5 florets Capitula with numerous florets Pappus of numerous bristles Pappus of 3 bristles alternating with 3 scales [link through] Involucral bracts membranous Involucral bracts herbaceous, sometimes with membranous margins Pappus hairs gland-tipped Pappus hairs without glands Leaves linear to oblong, entire, sometimes narrowly pinnatifid Leaves (or leaflets) lanceolate to ovate, toothed or serrate, or entire Involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong Involucral bracts broad Achenes flattened and winged Achenes ±cylindrical, unwinged [link through] Achenes with a long elongate beak, curled into an inverted J-shape Achenes more or less truncate, not beaked Awns spreading at c. 90º to body of achene, or reflexed Awns erect or only slightly diverging Leaves (at least upper ones) compound, trifoliate, entire Leaves simple, toothed or serrate [link through] Pappus of scales Pappus of hairs or bristles Pappus of 2–4 bristles Pappus of many fine hairs [link through] Perennial herbs; involucral bracts in 1 or 2 whorls Shrubs; involucral bracts in 4–7 whorls Leaves hirsute and gland-dotted on both surfaces; achenes attached laterally to conical receptacle Leaves sparsely hairy above, more densely below, not gland-dotted; achenes attached terminally to flat receptacle [link through] Pappus purplish-mauve Pappus white or almost so Florets pink, or yellow-orange to orange, or reddish brown Florets usually yellow or white (rarely pink or purple) Leaves clasping upper stems; florets pink Leaves not clasping stems; florets yellow-orange to reddish brown (sometimes drying pink) Leaves more or less sessile, lacking a pair of stipule-like lobes Leaves petiolate, lamina often with a pair of stipule-like lobes [link through] [link through] Annual herbs Climbers, perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees Climbers to 3 m Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees [link through] Lower leaf surface, peduncles & capitula densely woolly; shrubs or trees Lower leaf surfaces, peduncles & capitula not densely woolly; herbs, or if shrubs or small trees, leaves glabrous Leaves glabrous, viscid, gland-dotted; shrubs or small trees Leaves hairy, or if glabrous, not viscid and gland-dotted; perennial herbs Capitula disciform; outer florets with a rudimentary ligule c. 1 mm long; central bisexual or functionally male florets 2–5 Capitula discoid, or if disciform then outer florets without a ligule; central bisexual florets usually more than 5 [link through] Involucral bracts ±equisized and fused in a single whorl, sometimes with a few very short bracts at base; flower heads simple capitula Involucral bracts usually gradated, in 2 or more whorls and free, or flower heads compound Leaves opposite at least basally, rarely in whorls Leaves alternate and/or rosulate Heads compound Heads simple Inflorescence loosely spike-like, with heads of 1–6 capitula each with 4 florets Inflorescence a dense compound head [link through] Corolla 4 lobed Corolla 5-lobed ±equisized (if fewer lobes then not split) Secondary involucre (sometimes small) of densely clustered leaves and/or bracts enclosing compound heads Secondary involucre absent, with just a few loosely arranged leaves below the compound head Leaves opposite and petiolate Leaves alternate and radicle, or opposite and sessile Compound head surrounded by numerous white or yellow scales Compound head surrounded by few scales or leaves Receptacle paleate Receptacle epaleate Corolla hairy Corolla glabrous Outer florets female and/or all florets filiform All florets tubular and bisexual Plant stemless Plants with erect stems Pappus plumose, as long as or longer than corolla; plants prostrate Pappus absent, or of various types, but if as long as corolla, plants erect Glabrous erect herb dichotomously branching from below terminal capitulum Usually hairy herbs, irregularly branching, lateral ininflorescences rarely overtopping terminal ones Individual capitulum with all florets alike (homogamous) Individual capitula with 2 types of florets (heterogamous) Achenes tapering into a terminal beak Achenes more or less abruptly constricted below pappus Stems winged Stems not winged (if leaves decurrent, not along whole internode) Pappus bristle-like Pappus absent Leaves lobed or deeply divided Leaves entire or toothed Pappus absent or of very short hairs or scales Pappus hair-like, or with bristles longer than half the length of the achene Water plant with soft branches; involucral bracts 4 Delicate terrestrial plant with stiffly erect branches; involucral bracts many [link through] Upper leaves clasping stem; pappus of fine hairs All leaves not clasping; pappus of few bristles Involucral bracts fused into tube; plant with pungent smell Involucral bracts free; plant usually odourless Pappus absent or very small Pappus at least half as long as achene Capitulum covered with glandular hairs Capitulum without glands Capitula axillary and sessile in axils of leaves Capitula terminal and more or less stalked Swamp plants; involucral bracts 4, outer 2 longer than inner two Plants of dry land; involucral bracts 2 or many (never 4) Florets 4 per capitulum; pappus of 2 awns fused to wings; involucral bracts 2 Florets 7–50 per capitulum; pappus absent; involucral bracts many [link through] [link through] Pappus absent Pappus of small scales or a lacerate crown [link through] Florets numerous in each capitulum Florets few (c. 5 or 6) per capitulum Ray florets absent; disc florets usually blue to mauve, sometimes white Ray florets present, with white ligules to c. 1.8 mm long; disc florets whitish [link through] Capitula with 4 or 5 florets Capitula with numerous florets Pappus of numerous bristles Pappus of 3 bristles alternating with 3 scales [link through] Involucral bracts membranous Involucral bracts herbaceous, sometimes with membranous margins Pappus hairs gland-tipped Pappus hairs without glands Leaves linear to oblong, entire, sometimes narrowly pinnatifid Leaves (or leaflets) lanceolate to ovate, toothed or serrate, or entire Involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate or oblong Involucral bracts broad Achenes flattened and winged Achenes ±cylindrical, unwinged [link through] Achenes with a long elongate beak, curled into an inverted J-shape Achenes more or less truncate, not beaked Awns spreading at c. 90º to body of achene, or reflexed Awns erect or only slightly diverging Leaves (at least upper ones) compound, trifoliate, entire Leaves simple, toothed or serrate [link through] Pappus of scales Pappus of hairs or bristles Pappus of 2–4 bristles Pappus of many fine hairs [link through] Perennial herbs; involucral bracts in 1 or 2 whorls Shrubs; involucral bracts in 4–7 whorls Leaves hirsute and gland-dotted on both surfaces; achenes attached laterally to conical receptacle Leaves sparsely hairy above, more densely below, not gland-dotted; achenes atached terminally to flat receptacle [link through] Pappus purplish-mauve Pappus white or almost so Florets pink, or yellow-orange to orange, or reddish brown Florets usually yellow or white (rarely pink or purple) Leaves clasping upper stems; florets pink Leaves not clasping stems; florets yellow-orange to reddish brown (sometimes drying pink) Leaves more or less sessile, lacking a pair of stiplule-like lobes Leaves petiolate, lamina often with a pair of stipule-like lobes [link through] [link through] Annual herbs Climbers, perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees Climbers to 3 m Perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees [link through] Lower leaf surface, peduncles & capitula densely woolly; shrubs or trees Lower leaf surfaces, peduncles Leaves glabrous, viscid, gland-dotted; shrubs or small trees Leaves hairy, or if glabrous, not viscid and gland-dotted; perennial herbs Capitula disciform; outer florets with a rudimentary ligule c. 1 mm long; central bisexual or functionally male florets 2–5 Capitula discoid, or if disciform then outer florets without a ligule; central bisexual florets usually more than 5 [link through] Flower heads compound, with capitula tightly clustered and densely surrounded by scales and leaves, rarely scales and leaves absent Flower heads not as above (usually of single capitula), sessile or stalked Inflorescence loosely spike-like, with heads of 1–6 capitula each with 4 florets Inflorescence a dense compound head [link through] Corolla 4 lobed Corolla 5-lobed ±equisized (if fewer lobes then not split) Secondary involucre (sometimes small) of densely clustered leaves and/or bracts enclosing compound heads Secondary involucre absent, with just a few loosely arranged leaves below the compound head Leaves opposite petiolate Leaves alternate radicle or opposite sessile Compound head surrounded by numerous white or yellow scales Compound head surrounded by few scales or leaves Receptacle paleate Receptacle epaleate Corolla hairy Corolla glabrous Outer florets female and/or all florets filiform All florets tubular and bisexual Plant stemless Plants with erect stems Pappus plumose, as long as or longer than corolla; plants prostrate Pappus absent, or of various types, but if as long as corolla, plants erect Glabrous erect herb dichotomously branching from below terminal capitulum Usually hairy herbs, iregularly branching, lateral ininflorescences rarely overtopping terminal ones Individual capitulum with all florets alike (homogamous) Individual capitula with 2 types of florets (heterogamous) Achenes tapering into a terminal beak Achenes more or less abruptly constricted below pappus Stems winged Stems not winged (if leaves decurrent, not along whole internode) Pappus bristle-like Pappus absent Involucral bracts herbaceous, rarely with membranous margins, and tip appressed At least some (often all) involucral bracts dry, papery and/or membranous or cartilagineous, and apices often recurved or spreading, mimicing ray florets Pappus absent or cup-shaped (absent on achenes) Pappus present Achenes beaked Achenes not beaked, more or less abruptly constricted towards apex Achenes cylindrical; plants erect Achenes compressed; plants with basal rosette, rarely almost erect Ray floret corollas blue to purple Ray floret corollas yellow or white, rarely tinged red, or lacking ray florets (Centipeda, Abrotanella) Achenes smooth Achenes ribbed or angled Achenes usually 4-angled or ribbed Achenes with 8–10 ribs [link through] Outer involucral bracts leaf-like All involucral bracts shorter than florets Involucral bracts leaf-like; florets subtended by paleae Involucral bracts herbaceous; paleae minute or absent Achenes terete or 3- or more angled Achenes compressed but often ribbed Leaves entire or almost so (minutely denticulate in Abrotonella forsteroides) Leaves toothed or deeply divided All florets bisexual Outer florets female; inner florets bisexual or male Inner florets bisexual Inner florets male Leaves with a few teeth towards apex or evenly serrate, but never deeply divided Leaves deeply divided Plants usually >50 cm tall Plants usually <50 cm tall Subshrubs Annual herbs Plants glabrous; disc greenish Plants sparsely hairy; disc yellow Outer florets with short rays Outer florets tubular or filiform [link through] All florets tubular Outer florets filiform or reduced Pappus of bristle-like hairs Pappus absent or minute Capitula sessile, achenes spinous apically Capitula on distinct peduncle; achenes lacking spines Achenes with 2 ciliate horns on both sides of apex Achenes with 2 spiny wings and spinescent syle All leaves in basal rosette Leaves basal and cauline Involucral bracts leaf-like and spreading Involucral bracts short and more or less appressed [link through] Pappus of at least fertile flowers scale-like Pappus hair-like, sometimes barbed Florets tubular, 5-lobed Outer florets filiform, 2- or 3-lobed Pappus rose or pink Pappus white or yellow but florets sometimes purple Outer florets filiform (sometimes few) Outer florets various but not filiform Leaves toothed or lobed, rarely entire; filiform florets numerous Leaves entire; filiform florets few Achenes beaked Achenes not beaked, abruptly constricted towards apex All florets tubular Outer florets filiform or with rays Achenes 5–10 ribbed Achenes lacking ribs Leaves entire or almost so; perennial herbs or scrambling shrubs Leaves coarsely biserrate; stiffly erect shrubs Perennial herbs; achenes inconspicuously 4-5-ribbed Scrambling shrubs; achenes 10-ribbed Annual or perennial taprooted herbs or short-lived shrubs Rhizomatous shrubby climbers [link through] Outer achenes flat, inner ones terete All achenes similar or aborted Fruits flat Fruits terete, rarely slightly compressed Involucral bracts linear; herbs Involucral bracts ovate with dry margins; shrubs or subshrubs Achenes with two thick spines apically; pappus absent Achenes lacking spines, or spines slender; pappus usually present Pappus absent, cup-shaped or much reduced Pappus of hairs, bristles or scales Corolla and whole plant glandular Corolla glabrous or rarely leaves glandular Leaves deeply divided Leaves entire or toothed Achenes beaked Achenes more or less abruptly constricted apically [link through] Involucral bracts broadly ovate, apices not spreading; paleae equalling or exceeding florets Involucral bracts usually lanceolate to elliptic, apices spreading or not; paleae absent or usually shorter than florets Receptacle paleate Receptacle epaleate All florets alike Outer florets filiform Filiform florets few; leaves entire Filiform florets numerous; at least some leaves toothed or lobed Achenes abruptly constricted into neck or beak below pappus Achenes lacking neck or beak below pappus Involucral bracts with petaloid spreading tips Involucral bracts appressed and membranous Plants with glandular hairs, aromatic; capitula sessile Plants lacking glandular hairs; capitula pedunculate Middle involucral bracts pouched No bracts pouched Plants with 2 types of capitula (tubular florets, tubular and/or filiform) Plants with all capitula similar Mat- or hummock-forming plants, capitula cup-shaped Shrubs or subshrubs; capitula cylindrical Outer florets with short rays; achene shed in complex structure including paleae and bracts Outer florets lacking rays; achenes shed independently of paleae and bracts [link through] All florets in capitulum filiform All florets in capitulum either tubular or filiform Outer slender or filiform florets rare or absent Outer filiform florets in several rows Pappus hair-like, simple, barbed or plumose Pappus scaly at least at base, if hair-like and plumose, then inner involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, pointed Florets all similar and bisexual Outer florets filiform, female [link through] Leaves obovate spathulate, 4 mm long Leaves linear-lanceolate, oblanceolate, usually more than 8 mm long Perennials, usually shrubs or subshrubs Annual herbs, rarely with slightly woody base Pappus of narrow scales Pappus of hairs [link through] Mat-forming alpine plants Erect plants of tropics Pappus absent on filiform outer florets Pappus present on all florets Pappus of narrow scales Pappus of simple or plumose hairs [link through] Pappus hairs simple Pappus hairs barbed or plumose on fertile florets Florets few (c. 6), disc florets sterile Florets numerous (15–190; disc florets fertile [link through] Mat-forming alpine plants, leaves not noticeably aromatic Erect plants of tropics & subtropics; leaves often aromatic Leaves opposite, at least towards base of plant Leaves alternate (spirally arranged) and/or in a basal rosette Bracts and whole plant covered with glandular hairs Bracts and whole plant without glandular hairs Leaves linear, sessile, opposite below, alternate above Leaves lanceolate, elliptic, petiolate, opposite [link through] Corolla of outer florets longer than (7–) 8 mm Corolla of outer florets up to 5 mm long (4–7 mm in Centromadia {Centromadia pungens}) Leaves entire, toothed or shallowly lobed Leaves (at least lower ones) deeply lobed Leaves sessile and clasping stem Leaves petiolate or constricted towards base, not clasping Leaves usually entire; involucral bracts in at least 2 whorls Leaves usually toothed; involucral bracts in 2 whorls [link through] Pappus of many hairs Pappus of few hairs, absent, or a cup Plants prostrate or procumbent perennial herb Plants erect shrubs or subshrubs [link through] Achenes winged Achenes angled or compressed but without wings [link through] Pericarp thickened and extended above pappus, forming a cup Pericarp if thickened, sometimes forming wings, but not a cup, or not thickened [link through] Paleae blunt, just exceeding achenes and ±hooded Paleae acute, shorter than or exceeding achenes, never hooded Paleae soft, membranous Paleae stiff, cartilaginous Receptacle conical Receptacle flat to convex [link through] Outer involucral bracts longer than inner ones Outer involucral bracts shorter than or equalling inner ones Lobes of leaves up to 2 mm wide Lobes of leaves 4–50 mm wide Plants subshrubs up to 80 cm tall; ray corollas yellow Plants up to 4 m tall; floret corollas white, yellow, red or purplish Paleae accrescent; corollas white Paleae not accrescent; corollas various colours incl. white Receptacle epaleate Receptacle paleate Involucral bracts in 1 whorl and fused; plant with pungent smell Involucral bracts in several whorls; free; not pungently aromatic [link through] Pappus of awns, bristles or scales Pappus absent, rarely a cup, or very short hairs or scales Leaves pinnately divided (at least basally) Leaves entire or toothed Achenes of 2 types: ray achenes flattened with short marginal deeply lacerate wing; disc achenes biconvex with 2 apical awns Achenes all similar, obconic; pappus of numerous fimbriate scales [link through] [link through] Involucral bracts covered with stalked glands Involucral bracts without glands Tubular florets sterile; All florets fertile; involucral bracts numerous in 2 or more whorls Involucral bracts many; achene with offset apical horn Involucral bracts 4 to 6; achenes lacking apical horn [link through] Capitula sessile in leaf axils; ray florets in several whorls Capitula stalked (sometimes shortly); ray florets (always 5) in 1 whorl Receptacle conical Receptacle flat or slightly convex Paleae blunt or truncate Paleae acute Paleae truncate, erose, membranous Paleae blunt, not erose, cartilaginous Outer achenes 3-angled in section, inner ones 2-angled, often winged All achenes similar, sometimes angled, rarely winged Outer involucral bracts longer that inner ones Outer involucral bracts shorter than or equalling inner ones Pappus present and usually prominent Pappus absent, reduced to less than 1 mm, or a cup Leaves linear in clusters along stem Leaves alternate, cauline, if clustered then not linear Pappus of 2 awns Pappus of 5 translucent, usually awned, scales [link through] [link through] Involucral bracts in 1 whorl, usually fused, rarely with a few much shorter ones basally Involucral bracts in 2 to several whorls, free Pappus scale-like Pappus of hairs or bristles Capitula borne singly on long peduncles in lateral positions Capitula usually in terminal clusters, rarely solitary and terminal Shrubs to 3.5 m; leaves viscid, adaxial (upper) surface gland-dotted Herbs or shrubs; leaves not viscid or gland-dotted Leaves with distinct lamina & petiole; petiole 5 cm or more long Leaves sessile, rarely petiolate, and then petiole much less than 5 cm long Hermaphrodite shrubs to 3 m high; ligules yellow Rosetted, dioecious herbs to 0.4 m high (plants male in Australia); ligules white [link through] [link through] Achenes compressed Achenes not compressed [link through] Receptacle paleate Receptacle rough or pitted but lacking paleae Involucral bracts leaf-like and much longer than florets Involucral bracts shorter than or equalling florets [link through] Plants usually exceeding 1 m tall, and with 1–several erect branches Plants with basal rootstock, somewhat branched; branches up to 50 cm Leaves deeply divided Leaves entire or toothed Pappus of short bristles; rays lobed or distinctly toothed Pappus of deciduous scales; rays scarcely toothed [link through] Pappus of 2 deciduous scales Pappus of 2 persistent awns, or of 6–10 persistent scales Rays large and spectacular Rays scarcely longer than involucre Achenes flattened and winged Achenes cylindrical [link through] Involucral bracts fused into a tube basally Involucral bracts in several whorls, free At least some leaves divided or lobed Leaves entire and linear, or toothed Ray florets sterile Ray florets female Outer pappus obovate scale, inner pappus bristles All pappus small scales Achenes with 3 wing-like ridges on 1 side; pappus of scales Achenes ribbed but not winged; pappus of bristles [link through] Inner involucral bracts dry and membranous All involucral bracts herbaceous, or sometimes with membranous margins Achenes with a short neck below pappus Achenes cylindrical, without a neck Style branches slender and pointed Style branches short and blunt [link through] Fruits beaked Fruits not beaked Ray florets in 2 or more whorls Ray florets in 1 whorl Involucral bracts and receptacle glandular; ligules 2-4-lobed Involucral bracts and receptacle not glandular; ligules entire Pappus a double row of brick red bristles, outer short, inner long Pappus 1-seriate or if a double row of bristles, not brick red and of 2 lengths All florets fertile (inner disc florets sterile in Grindelia) Either disc or ray florets sterile Pappus of 2-10 simple caducous awns Pappus usually of barbellate or plumose bristles or awns or absent Ray florets with staminodes Ray florets without staminodes Ray florets female; disc florets usually staminate; pappus of scales, or rarely plumose bristles or absent (pseudo-pappus of barbellate awns derived from pericarp) Ray florets neuter; disc florets bisexual; pappus and pseudo-pappus not as above Plants tufted, with linear leaves, old leaves clothing base Plants erect, or if with a basal rosette, then leaves not linear Achenes with a beak Achenes abruptly constricted at apex, not beaked or rostrate Achenes polymorphic, some rostrate; rays yellow Achenes monomorphic, all shortly beaked; rays white to purple [link through] Involucral bracts with a terminal spine Involucral bracts without terminal spine Perennials; leaves with spines Annuals; leaves without spines [link through] [link through] Receptacle paleate Receptacle epaleate Capitula small and in terminal clusters Capitula larger and individually pedunculate or solitary Leaves lobed to almost entire Leaves deeply divided Paleae longer than outer florets Paleae shorter than florets Achenes woolly Achenes glabrous [link through] Rhizomatous perennials; achenes 3-ribbed Annuals or perennials, not rhizomatous; achenes c. 8–10-ribbed [link through] Ligules yellow; pappus a small corona Ligules white; pappus absent [link through] All florets producing achenes, or only disc florets producing achenes Only outer florets producing achenes Only disc florets producing achenes All florets producing achenes [link through] Achenes heteromorphic, inner and outer achenes different Achenes homomorphic At least inner achenes curved to C-shape All achenes straight or almost so Annual herbs Perennial herbs, without glands Plants glandular-puberulous Plants not glandular-puberulous (achenes dimorphic) Achenes dimorphic, 2- and 3-angled Achenes polymorphic, curved or straight, winged or wingless, sometimes rostrate [link through] Achenes entirely lacking pappus Achenes with a very short scarious pappus, a solitary scale on ray achenes, a short ring on disc achenes Ray achenes shortly winged Ray achenes ±terete [link through] Receptacle convex to conical Receptacle flat Ray ligules short, <10 mm long Ray ligules 10–18 mm long Leaves 3-pinnatisect, at least at base; rays white Leaves 1-pinnatisect; rays yellow [link through] Achenes oblong to obovoid Achenes prominently winged [link through] Achenes with fleshy outer tissue Achenes all dry [link through] Achenes with prominent wings Achenes without wings Outer involucral bracts much longer than inner ones Involucral bracts c. equisized Inner disc florets fertile Inner disc florets functionally staminate