1	"Paleae readily falling; ray fruit beaked, beak adaxially offset, curved; ray 6--19 mm; anthers yellow to +- brown"	"Madia radiata"
1	"Paleae mostly persistent; ray fruit generally beakless or beak indistinct (if beaked, then ray <= 1 mm); ray 0.7--20 mm or rays 0; anthers +- dark purple or yellow to +- brown"	2
2	"Heads showy or not; disk flowers staminate, fruit 0, ovary wall remaining pale, membranous"	3
2	"Heads not showy; disk flower bisexual, forming fruit, ovary wall becoming dark, rigid"	4
3	"Ray green-yellow, 4--11 mm; anthers +- dark purple; ray fruit +- widely 3-angled, abaxially broadly rounded, adaxially 2-faced, angles between those faces +- 70&deg;, faces glossy"	"Madia citriodora"
3	"Ray bright yellow, often maroon at base, 4--20 mm; anthers yellow to +- brown or +- dark purple; ray fruit compressed, abaxially slightly rounded, adaxially 2-faced, angles between those faces 15--45&deg;, faces dull or glossy"	"Madia elegans"
4	"Heads generally tightly grouped, occasionally in flat-topped or panicle-like clusters; involucre narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid; ray flowers 0 or 1--3"	"Madia glomerata"
4	"Heads in crowded or open, flat-topped, panicle-, raceme-, or spike-like clusters; involucre +- spheric, (ob)ovoid, or urn-shaped; ray flowers (1)3--13(14)"	5
5	"Anthers yellow to +- brown; stem 1--30(60) cm; phyllary glands +- yellow; phyllary tips +- erect, often grooved along midvein"	6
5	"Anthers +- dark purple; stem (0.3)6--100(240) cm; phyllary glands black, purple, or yellow; phyllary tips erect or reflexed, flat"	7
6	"Heads in open, flat-topped or raceme- or panicle-like clusters; peduncle +- thread-like; involucre 2.5--5 mm, depressed-spheric; disk flowers 1(2), corolla glabrous; ray fruit black or brown, beaked, beak adaxially offset, curved"	"Madia exigua"
6	"Heads in narrow raceme- or spike-like clusters; peduncle 0 or length generally < 2 &times; head; involucre 6--8 mm, spheric or ovoid; disk flowers 5--15, corolla hairy; ray fruit occasionally purple-mottled, beak 0"	"Madia subspicata"
7	"Ray fruit black or purple, round in &times;-section, glossy"	"Madia anomala"
7	"Ray fruit black, brown, purple, or mottled, compressed, dull or glossy"	8
8	"Stem glandular-hairy throughout; heads in raceme-, panicle-, or spike-like clusters; involucre 6--16 mm; often coastal"	"Madia sativa"
8	"Stem distally glandular-hairy; heads in flat-topped, raceme-, or panicle-like clusters; involucre 5--10 mm; mostly away from immediate coast"	9
9	"Lateral branches often exceeding main stem in large plants; ray 6--8 mm"	"Madia citrigracilis"
9	"Lateral branches seldom exceeding main stem; ray 1.5--8 mm"	"Madia gracilis"