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Annual, rarely living > 1 growing season
Perennial herb to shrub
Cotyledons sessile, persistent at plant base, disk- or cup-like, or deciduous, leaving circular scar; fruit generally ovoid; seeds generally 2, generally tubercled or wrinkled (fruit oblong; seeds 2--6 in <i>Lupinus odoratus</i>)
Cotyledons petioled, generally withering, generally deciduous, not leaving circular scar; fruit oblong; seeds generally > 2, smooth
Flowers distinctly whorled; bracts reflexed; upper keel margins ciliate near claw
Flowers not distinctly whorled; bracts not reflexed; upper keel margins glabrous
Stem generally not clearly hollow; lower keel margins as densely ciliate as upper; leaflets adaxially generally hairy; seed dark brown, tubercled
Stem clearly hollow at least below; lower keel margins glabrous or less ciliate than upper; leaflets adaxially glabrous; seed generally mottled, wrinkled or smooth
Plant 30--75 cm; petals generally pale yellow (+- pink or bright blue); NW, CaRF, e SnFrB and n SCoRI (Diablo Range), w WTR
Plant 100--200 cm; petals +- blue, in age +- yellow; NCoRO (Covelo, Mendocino Co.)
Wings widely elliptic, not withering, in age translucent; lower keel margins ciliate near claw; calyx appendages 1--2 mm
Wings linear to oblanceolate, withering, in age not translucent; lower keel margins occasionally sparsely ciliate near claw; calyx appendages generally 0
Bracts short-appressed- to long-spreading-hairy; fruit +- spreading, generally on 1 side of axis
Bracts long-shaggy-hairy; fruit generally +- erect, generally on > 1 side of axis
Leaves basal; herbage sparsely hairy in youth, generally glabrous at flower; pedicel 3--5 mm --- GB, D
Leaves cauline, often crowded near base; herbage sparsely hairy to canescent; pedicel generally < 3 mm
Plant 1--2(3) cm; inflorescences (1)2-flowered; free blades of stipules < 1 mm; leaflets 2--7 mm --- MP
Plant 3--20 cm; inflorescences 3--many flowered; free blades of stipules > 1 mm; leaflets generally > 7 mm
Herbage canescent; upper calyx lip +- = lower; upper suture of fruit generally wavy and densely stiff-ciliate; fruit sides with hairs short, inflated, when dry scale-like --- D
Herbage sparsely to densely +- long-hairy; upper calyx lip < lower; upper suture of fruit not obviously wavy and densely stiff-ciliate; fruit sides with hairs long, not inflated.
Peduncle 0--1 cm; inflorescence < leaves; fruit oblong, narrowed between seeds --- GB (Modoc, Inyo cos.)
Peduncle 2--5(10) cm; inflorescence > leaves; fruit ovate, not narrowed between seeds
Inflorescence 1--2.5 cm; pedicels 0.5--1.5 mm; calyx appendages present; seed smooth; s MP, W
Inflorescence 3--10 cm; pedicels 2--3 mm; calyx appendages 0; seed wrinkled; W
Lower and often upper margins of keel ciliate near claw, both glabrous near tip
Lower, upper keel margins glabrous or upper ciliate only near tip
Flowers whorled --- petals generally blue-purple (white, pink, lavender); c
Flowers spiralled (if appearing +- whorled, pedicel bases clearly spiralled, not whorled)
Inflorescence < peduncle --- banner yellow, wings generally pink (+- white), keel white; SN, n SCoRO (Monterey Co.), SnGb, SnBr
Inflorescence generally > peduncle
Petals gold-yellow or white; pedicel recurving
Petals blue or dark pink to magenta; pedicel not recurving
Petals gold-yellow, drying translucent, +- purple; c SNF (Fresno, Madera cos.)
Petals white, pink- or lavender-tinged or not, banner occasionally drying translucent, yellow; c SNF (Mariposa Co.)
Herbage short-appressed- and stiff-spreading-stinging-hairy; leaflets 10--20 mm wide --- c
Herbage not stiff-spreading-stinging-hairy; leaflets generally < 10 mm wide
Petiole flat, leaflet-like; keel tip stout, blunt, upper margins ciliate middle to claw --- c
Petiole not flat, not leaflet-like; keel tip slender, pointed, upper margins generally glabrous
Pedicel 5--9 mm; bract 10--15 mm, >> flower bud --- SNF, Teh, deltaic GV, SCoRO
Pedicel < 5 mm; bract 3--8 mm, < to +- > flower bud
Leaflets 5--10 mm wide, adaxially glabrous; petals dark pink to magenta; e DMoj, DSon
Leaflets 2--4 mm wide, adaxially hairy at least near margins; petals generally blue (+- pink); s SCoR, SW, DMoj
Flowers spiralled; bracts generally persistent; upper keel margins generally glabrous
Flowers whorled at some or all nodes; bracts deciduous; upper keel margins generally ciliate near tip
Plant with central peduncle erect, lateral often decumbent; open or disturbed areas, burns, s SN, c
Plant with peduncles decumbent; stable dunes, s CCo (Nipomo Dunes, sw San Luis Obispo Co.)
Banner longer than wide; pedicel generally < 3 mm
Banner as wide as or wider than long; pedicel generally > 3 mm
Fruit generally 3--6 mm wide; keel generally ciliate on upper margins near tip; abundant, < 1600 m, CA-FP, DMoj
Fruit 6--9 mm wide; keel glabrous; uncommon, < 600 m, NCoRO, CaRF, SNF, SnFrB, SCoRO
Upper keel margins with (occasionally inconspicuous) tooth near middle --- NCo, NCoR, CCo, SnFrB
Upper keel margins without tooth
Fruit 4--7 mm wide --- < 1300 m
Fruit 8--10 mm wide
Pedicel 4--5 mm; herbage sparsely hairy; ChI (San Clemente Island)
Pedicel 6--8 mm; herbage densely hairy; c SNF (Mariposa, Tuolumne cos.)
Upper keel margin ciliate from claw to middle, glabrous from middle to tip
Upper keel margin glabrous or variously ciliate, but not as at 29.
Plant fleshy; inflorescence 9--15 cm; open or disturbed areas; fruit 35--50 mm
Plant not fleshy; inflorescence 16--60 cm; open to shady, moist areas; fruit 20--45 mm
Flower 13--18 mm
Flower 8--14 mm
Stem densely hairy; SnFrB
Stem subglabrous to sparsely strigose; c SNH, s SN, SW
Flower 8--10 mm
Flower 10--14 mm
Stem glabrous to strigose; MP
Stem strigose; KR, CaR, MP
Wings covering most of keel; plant 4--24 dm; SN, SNE
Wings not covering most of keel; plant 3--12 dm; NW, CW, SW
Calyx with spur 1--3 mm
Calyx with bulge or spur 0--1 mm
Wings with dense patch of hair outside near tip; leaf green, strigose; CaRH, SNH, SnGb, GB
Wings glabrous; leaf silver-silky; c SNH, GB
Banner back generally hairy (best seen in buds)
Banner back +- glabrous
Upper keel margin +- glabrous
Upper keel margin ciliate
Stem prostrate to decumbent, generally < 4 dm
Stem erect, generally > 4 dm
Shrub --- coastal strand, dunes
Perennial herb
Leaf green
Leaf silver- to white-hairy
Petals pale yellow to orange-yellow; CaRH, n
Petals white to purple; n SNH
Petals generally yellow; n SNH (Plumas Co.)
Petals cream-yellow to -white, pale yellow, lavender, or blue; s SNH, TR, SNE;
Petals lavender to blue; 1500--3000 m; s SNH, TR
Petals cream to pale yellow; generally > 2500 m; generally c SNH (n Inyo Co.)
Subshrub or shrub
Perennial herb
Keel generally lobed near base; flower 9--18 mm; s SNH, Teh, SW, SNE, D
Keel generally unlobed near base; flower 9--16 mm; CA-FP
Shrub, generally > 7 dm
Subshrub, generally < 7 dm
Flower 9--13 mm; leaf silver-hairy; DMoj, adjacent s SNH, SNE
Flower 14--18 mm; leaf green-hairy; SnGb, SnBr, PR
Inflorescence 14--40 cm; Teh, SnGb, SnBr
Inflorescence 3--14 cm; SnGb, SnBr, DSon
Petiole < 12 cm; SnGb, SnBr
Petiole generally > 12 cm; sw DSon
Subshrub, generally < 5 dm, base, some lower branches woody
Shrub, generally > 5 dm, woody +- throughout
Leaf woolly to shaggy-hairy; SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)
Leaf appressed-hairy, not woolly or shaggy-hairy; NW, SNF, CW
Leaf woolly to shaggy-hairy; SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)
Leaf hairy but not woolly or shaggy-hairy; NCoR, SNF, CW, SCo, n ChI
Bract 4--8 mm; NCoR, SNF, CW, SCo
Bract 10--24 mm; CCo, nw SnFrB, n ChI
Leaflet 10--30 mm at widest point
Leaflet generally < 10 mm at widest point
Petals yellow --- SnGb
Petals pink to +- purple or blue (or pale yellow)
Peduncle 13--20 cm; leaf long-spreading-hairy; petals light blue, pink, or straw (often drying pale yellow); SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)
Peduncle 8--15 cm; leaf short-appressed-hairy; petals purple to violet; s NCoRI (Napa, Lake, Sonoma cos.)
Plant < 1 dm
Plant > 1 dm
Flowers in many crowded whorls; 2000--3500 m; SNH, SnBr, SNE
Flowers in few spaced whorls; 1500--3000 m; e KR (Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Co.), NCoRO (King Range, sw Humboldt Co.)
Calyx generally bulged or spurred < 1 mm; CaR, n SNH, GB, DMtns
Calyx not bulged or spurred
Leaves basal and cauline; petioles (5)7--15 cm --- c SNH, SNE
Leaves cauline; petioles 1--10 cm
Stem hairs appressed; leaf generally appearing green; flower (8)10--12 mm; CaR, n SNH, GB, DMtns
Stem hairs spreading; leaf gray to silver; flower 8--10 mm; CaRH, SNH, Wrn, SNE
Leaf hairs appressed, occasionally sparse
Leaf hairs +- spreading, dense
Bracts deciduous; leaflets 20--50 mm, silver-silky; NW, CaR, n SNH
Bracts persistent; leaflets 30--80(130) mm, green, hairy; SNE (Big Pine Creek, Inyo Co.)
Flower generally 12--15 mm; plant 2--3.5 dm; stem prostrate to matted --- SN
Flower generally 10--13 mm; plant 3--9 dm; stem erect
Petals lavender to purple, often turning brown; banner back densely hairy; KR, CaRH, MP
Petals +- blue to purple; banner back glabrous to +- hairy; s SCoRO (San Luis Obispo Co.)
Subshrub or shrub
Perennial herb (rarely woody at base)
Shrub, generally 5--20 dm; woody stems erect
Subshrub, < 5 dm; woody stems prostrate to decumbent
Inflorescence 10--30 cm; petals generally yellow (lilac to purple, especially n of c NCo); NCo, CCo, SnFrB, SCo, ChI
Inflorescence 20--45 cm; petals violet to blue; SW
Flower 14--18 mm --- Teh, SnGb, SnBr
Flower 10--16 mm
Keel +- unlobed near base --- flower 10--15 mm; NW, SNF, CW
Keel +- lobed near base
Flower 10--13 mm; petals purple except banner spot +- white; roots generally yellow; petioles generally < 2 × leaflets, 2--6 cm; n
Flower 11--16 mm; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple, often on 1 pl; roots not yellow; petioles generally 2 × leaflets, 4--10 cm; NCo, n
Leaf adaxially glabrous to sparsely hairy, green (except <i>Lupinus elmeri</i>)
Leaf adaxially hairy, green-gray to silver
Upper keel margin ciliate (occasionally sparsely so in <i>Lupinus onustus</i>)
Upper keel margin generally glabrous (occasionally a few hairs)
Plant 3.5--10 dm; leaves cauline --- NCo
Plant < 3.5 dm; leaves generally basal or cauline, clustered near base
Flower 8--11 mm, bract 3--4 mm; leaf abaxially silky-hairy; KR, CaRH, n SNH
Flower 12--18 mm, bract 4--7 mm; leaf abaxially long-stiff-hairy; MP
Petals +- yellow --- NW, CaR
Petals not yellow
Bract 2--7 mm; plant 4--6 dm; petals bright yellow to orange-yellow; KR, CaR
Bract 7--14 mm; plant 6--9 dm; petals pale yellow; nw NCoRH (South Fork Mtn, Humboldt, Trinity cos.)
Stem slender; leaves cauline; leaflets 10--40 mm; dry areas --- KR
Stem stout; leaves basal and cauline; leaflets 40--150 mm; moist to wet areas
Leaflet adaxially puberulent to minutely rough-hairy, appearing +- glabrous; KR, NCoRH, CaR
Leaflet adaxially glabrous; CA-FP, GB
Leaflets 5--11; KR, CaR, SNH, SnGb, SnBr, SnJt, WTR, GB
Leaflets 9--17; NW, CW (except SCoRI)
Inflorescence generally dense, bracts generally persistent (except <i>Lupinus constancei</i>)
Inflorescence +- open, bracts generally +- deciduous (except <i>Lupinus covillei</i>, <i>Lupinus gracilentus</i>)
Inflorescence generally < leaves; plant matted --- flowers in 2--3 whorls; W
Inflorescence generally > leaves; plant matted or not
Leaves cauline, appearing +- basal
Leaves cauline, +- along stem
Bracts deciduous; petals pink; serpentine barrens --- ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.)
Bracts persistent; petals pink, violet, or blue; montane to alpine sites
Inflorescence +- head-like, 2--8 cm, generally < some leaves; plant < 1 dm; 2000--3500 m
Inflorescence elongate, 4.5--11 cm, > leaves; plant 1.2--3.5 dm; 1000--2500 m
Plant +- prostrate, matted; petals pink --- ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.)
Plant generally erect, generally not matted; petals blue or violet (occasionally pink)
Largest leaflets > 40 mm
Largest leaflets <= 40 mm
Leaves cauline, strigose to shaggy-hairy, hairs > 1 mm; inflorescence open; petals light blue; c
Leaves basal and cauline, strigose, hairs < 1 mm; inflorescence dense; petals violet to dark blue; c
Inflorescence dense, 5--30 cm, whorls > 7, +- crowded; leaves cauline --- meadows, vernally moist areas; CaRH, SNH, WTR, SnBr, GB, DMtns
Inflorescence generally open, 2--12 cm, whorls 3--7, +- well spaced; leaves, or at least some, basal
Leaflets generally 10--30 mm; flower 9--11 mm; 2500--3000 m, s SNH (Kaweah River, Tulare, Fresno cos.)
Leaflets generally 5--15(23) mm; flower generally 7--9(12) mm; 3000--4000 m, c
Upper keel margin generally glabrous
Upper keel margin ciliate
Plant < 2 dm; flower 4--11 mm; keel +- straight
Plant > 2 dm; flower generally > 9 mm; keel generally upcurved
Petioles (2)3--6(8) cm; plant tufted; stipule 6--11 mm; pedicel (2)4--5 mm; pumice gravel flats --- SNE (Mono Co.)
Petioles 1--3(4) cm; plant matted or tufted; stipule 2--5 mm; pedicel 1--3(4) mm; montane
Flower 6--9 mm; leaflet 6--20 mm; 1000--4000 m
Flower 4--7 mm; leaflet 3--5 mm; 2500--4000 m
Stipules green, some leaf-like; flowers 10--14 mm --- SNH
Stipule green to silvery, not leaf-like
Petals pale yellow or bright yellow to orange-yellow
Petals +- yellow-white to white, +- blue, lavender, violet, purple, or pink
Flower 9--12 mm; petals pale yellow; NCoR, SnFrB, SN
Flower 12--15 mm; petals bright yellow to orange-yellow; KR, CaR
Leaves basal and cauline; moist to wet places --- KR, NCoRH, CaR
Leaves cauline; dry places
Banner narrow, wings narrow, not covering keel tip; KR, NCoRH, CaRH, SNH, WTR
Banner wide, wings wide, covering keel tip
Leaf green, sparsely to densely hairy
Leaf dull green- or gray-hairy to silver-silky
Flower 9--12 mm; NW, SNH, WTR, SnBr, SNE
Flower 13--16 mm; SnGb, SnBr, PR
Plant resprouting below ground, rhizomed; generally valleys
Plant resprouting above ground, not rhizomed; mtns
Flower 10--14 mm; stem 3--4 mm diam
Flower 16--18 mm; stem 5--7 mm diam
Petals white (banner spot turning tawny); seeds 7--11 mm --- NCoRH (Anthony Peak, Mendocino Co.)
Petals not white; seeds 4--6 mm
Leaflets widest above middle, appressed-hairy to +- silky; petals pale yellow to lavender or violet; NCoR, SN, SnFrB
Leaflets widest below middle, densely silver-silky; petals lavender to blue; s SNH, TR
Plant +- prostrate to decumbent, generally < 3 dm
Plant generally erect, generally > 2 dm
Petals pink; ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.)
Petals purple, +- violet, lavender, rose, light blue, yellow, or white; KR, NCo, NCoRO, SN, CCo, SNE
Leaves generally basal (if cauline, clustered near base); KR, NCoRO, SN, SNE
Leaves cauline; NCo, CCo
Inflorescence 10--16 cm; flower 10--16 mm; SN
Inflorescence 2--7 cm; flower 9--12 mm; e KR (Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Co.), NCoRO (King Range, sw Humboldt Co.)
Leaflets 3--5; stem weak --- s NCo (Sonoma Co.), n
Leaflets 5--9; stem not weak
Flower 10--13 mm; petals purple except banner spot +- white; roots yellow; petioles generally < 2 × leaflets, 2--6 cm; n
Flower 11--16 mm; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple, often on 1 pl; roots not yellow; petioles generally 2 × leaflets, 4--10 cm; NCo, n
Leaf densely woolly
Leaf occasionally densely hairy but not woolly
Stem hairs < 1 mm, not sharp, not stiff; petiole 5--12 cm; flower 10--15 mm; s SCoRO (San Luis Obispo Co.)
Stem hairs sometimes 1--3 mm, sharp, stiff; petiole 6--30 cm; flower 10--18 mm; se SNH, SNE, DMoj
Flower 10--13 mm
Flower (13)16--18 mm
Leaves clustered near base
Leaves clustered near base or not, some along stem
Petals yellow; SnGb
Petals not yellow, occasionally pale yellow or drying so; NCoRI, SCoRO
Peduncle 13--20 cm; petals light blue, pink, or pale yellow (often drying pale yellow); SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)
Peduncle 8--15 cm; petals purple to violet; s NCoRI (Napa, Lake, Sonoma cos.)
Flower 5--7(10) mm; n
Flower 8--18 mm; c
Leaflets 30--110 mm
Leaflets 15--50 mm
Plant strigose to shaggy-hairy; leaflet yellow-green, 5--11 mm wide; lower petioles 5--10 cm; bracts 7--15 mm, persistent, conspicuous; c
Plant puberulent to hairy; leaflet green, 2--5 mm wide; lower petioles (3)5--14 cm; bracts 4--10 mm, +- deciduous, inconspicuous; c SNH (Rock Creek, Inyo, Mono cos., to Yosemite National Park)
Plant 4--7 dm; flower 13--15 mm; ne DMtns (Last Chance Range, Grapevine Mtns, Inyo Co.)
Plant 1--4 dm; flower 10--12 mm; GB, DMtns