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Annual, rarely living > 1 growing season Perennial herb to shrub Cotyledons sessile, persistent at plant base, disk- or cup-like, or deciduous, leaving circular scar; fruit generally ovoid; seeds generally 2, generally tubercled or wrinkled (fruit oblong; seeds 2--6 in <i>Lupinus odoratus</i>) Cotyledons petioled, generally withering, generally deciduous, not leaving circular scar; fruit oblong; seeds generally > 2, smooth Flowers distinctly whorled; bracts reflexed; upper keel margins ciliate near claw Flowers not distinctly whorled; bracts not reflexed; upper keel margins glabrous Stem generally not clearly hollow; lower keel margins as densely ciliate as upper; leaflets adaxially generally hairy; seed dark brown, tubercled Stem clearly hollow at least below; lower keel margins glabrous or less ciliate than upper; leaflets adaxially glabrous; seed generally mottled, wrinkled or smooth Plant 30--75 cm; petals generally pale yellow (+- pink or bright blue); NW, CaRF, e SnFrB and n SCoRI (Diablo Range), w WTR Plant 100--200 cm; petals +- blue, in age +- yellow; NCoRO (Covelo, Mendocino Co.) Wings widely elliptic, not withering, in age translucent; lower keel margins ciliate near claw; calyx appendages 1--2 mm Wings linear to oblanceolate, withering, in age not translucent; lower keel margins occasionally sparsely ciliate near claw; calyx appendages generally 0 Bracts short-appressed- to long-spreading-hairy; fruit +- spreading, generally on 1 side of axis Bracts long-shaggy-hairy; fruit generally +- erect, generally on > 1 side of axis Leaves basal; herbage sparsely hairy in youth, generally glabrous at flower; pedicel 3--5 mm --- GB, D Leaves cauline, often crowded near base; herbage sparsely hairy to canescent; pedicel generally < 3 mm Plant 1--2(3) cm; inflorescences (1)2-flowered; free blades of stipules < 1 mm; leaflets 2--7 mm --- MP Plant 3--20 cm; inflorescences 3--many flowered; free blades of stipules > 1 mm; leaflets generally > 7 mm Herbage canescent; upper calyx lip +- = lower; upper suture of fruit generally wavy and densely stiff-ciliate; fruit sides with hairs short, inflated, when dry scale-like --- D Herbage sparsely to densely +- long-hairy; upper calyx lip < lower; upper suture of fruit not obviously wavy and densely stiff-ciliate; fruit sides with hairs long, not inflated. Peduncle 0--1 cm; inflorescence < leaves; fruit oblong, narrowed between seeds --- GB (Modoc, Inyo cos.) Peduncle 2--5(10) cm; inflorescence > leaves; fruit ovate, not narrowed between seeds Inflorescence 1--2.5 cm; pedicels 0.5--1.5 mm; calyx appendages present; seed smooth; s MP, W Inflorescence 3--10 cm; pedicels 2--3 mm; calyx appendages 0; seed wrinkled; W Lower and often upper margins of keel ciliate near claw, both glabrous near tip Lower, upper keel margins glabrous or upper ciliate only near tip Flowers whorled --- petals generally blue-purple (white, pink, lavender); c Flowers spiralled (if appearing +- whorled, pedicel bases clearly spiralled, not whorled) Inflorescence < peduncle --- banner yellow, wings generally pink (+- white), keel white; SN, n SCoRO (Monterey Co.), SnGb, SnBr Inflorescence generally > peduncle Petals gold-yellow or white; pedicel recurving Petals blue or dark pink to magenta; pedicel not recurving Petals gold-yellow, drying translucent, +- purple; c SNF (Fresno, Madera cos.) Petals white, pink- or lavender-tinged or not, banner occasionally drying translucent, yellow; c SNF (Mariposa Co.) Herbage short-appressed- and stiff-spreading-stinging-hairy; leaflets 10--20 mm wide --- c Herbage not stiff-spreading-stinging-hairy; leaflets generally < 10 mm wide Petiole flat, leaflet-like; keel tip stout, blunt, upper margins ciliate middle to claw --- c Petiole not flat, not leaflet-like; keel tip slender, pointed, upper margins generally glabrous Pedicel 5--9 mm; bract 10--15 mm, >> flower bud --- SNF, Teh, deltaic GV, SCoRO Pedicel < 5 mm; bract 3--8 mm, < to +- > flower bud Leaflets 5--10 mm wide, adaxially glabrous; petals dark pink to magenta; e DMoj, DSon Leaflets 2--4 mm wide, adaxially hairy at least near margins; petals generally blue (+- pink); s SCoR, SW, DMoj Flowers spiralled; bracts generally persistent; upper keel margins generally glabrous Flowers whorled at some or all nodes; bracts deciduous; upper keel margins generally ciliate near tip Plant with central peduncle erect, lateral often decumbent; open or disturbed areas, burns, s SN, c Plant with peduncles decumbent; stable dunes, s CCo (Nipomo Dunes, sw San Luis Obispo Co.) Banner longer than wide; pedicel generally < 3 mm Banner as wide as or wider than long; pedicel generally > 3 mm Fruit generally 3--6 mm wide; keel generally ciliate on upper margins near tip; abundant, < 1600 m, CA-FP, DMoj Fruit 6--9 mm wide; keel glabrous; uncommon, < 600 m, NCoRO, CaRF, SNF, SnFrB, SCoRO Upper keel margins with (occasionally inconspicuous) tooth near middle --- NCo, NCoR, CCo, SnFrB Upper keel margins without tooth Fruit 4--7 mm wide --- < 1300 m Fruit 8--10 mm wide Pedicel 4--5 mm; herbage sparsely hairy; ChI (San Clemente Island) Pedicel 6--8 mm; herbage densely hairy; c SNF (Mariposa, Tuolumne cos.) Upper keel margin ciliate from claw to middle, glabrous from middle to tip Upper keel margin glabrous or variously ciliate, but not as at 29. Plant fleshy; inflorescence 9--15 cm; open or disturbed areas; fruit 35--50 mm Plant not fleshy; inflorescence 16--60 cm; open to shady, moist areas; fruit 20--45 mm Flower 13--18 mm Flower 8--14 mm Stem densely hairy; SnFrB Stem subglabrous to sparsely strigose; c SNH, s SN, SW Flower 8--10 mm Flower 10--14 mm Stem glabrous to strigose; MP Stem strigose; KR, CaR, MP Wings covering most of keel; plant 4--24 dm; SN, SNE Wings not covering most of keel; plant 3--12 dm; NW, CW, SW Calyx with spur 1--3 mm Calyx with bulge or spur 0--1 mm Wings with dense patch of hair outside near tip; leaf green, strigose; CaRH, SNH, SnGb, GB Wings glabrous; leaf silver-silky; c SNH, GB Banner back generally hairy (best seen in buds) Banner back +- glabrous Upper keel margin +- glabrous Upper keel margin ciliate Stem prostrate to decumbent, generally < 4 dm Stem erect, generally > 4 dm Shrub --- coastal strand, dunes Perennial herb Leaf green Leaf silver- to white-hairy Petals pale yellow to orange-yellow; CaRH, n Petals white to purple; n SNH Petals generally yellow; n SNH (Plumas Co.) Petals cream-yellow to -white, pale yellow, lavender, or blue; s SNH, TR, SNE; Petals lavender to blue; 1500--3000 m; s SNH, TR Petals cream to pale yellow; generally > 2500 m; generally c SNH (n Inyo Co.) Subshrub or shrub Perennial herb Keel generally lobed near base; flower 9--18 mm; s SNH, Teh, SW, SNE, D Keel generally unlobed near base; flower 9--16 mm; CA-FP Shrub, generally > 7 dm Subshrub, generally < 7 dm Flower 9--13 mm; leaf silver-hairy; DMoj, adjacent s SNH, SNE Flower 14--18 mm; leaf green-hairy; SnGb, SnBr, PR Inflorescence 14--40 cm; Teh, SnGb, SnBr Inflorescence 3--14 cm; SnGb, SnBr, DSon Petiole < 12 cm; SnGb, SnBr Petiole generally > 12 cm; sw DSon Subshrub, generally < 5 dm, base, some lower branches woody Shrub, generally > 5 dm, woody +- throughout Leaf woolly to shaggy-hairy; SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range) Leaf appressed-hairy, not woolly or shaggy-hairy; NW, SNF, CW Leaf woolly to shaggy-hairy; SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range) Leaf hairy but not woolly or shaggy-hairy; NCoR, SNF, CW, SCo, n ChI Bract 4--8 mm; NCoR, SNF, CW, SCo Bract 10--24 mm; CCo, nw SnFrB, n ChI Leaflet 10--30 mm at widest point Leaflet generally < 10 mm at widest point Petals yellow --- SnGb Petals pink to +- purple or blue (or pale yellow) Peduncle 13--20 cm; leaf long-spreading-hairy; petals light blue, pink, or straw (often drying pale yellow); SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range) Peduncle 8--15 cm; leaf short-appressed-hairy; petals purple to violet; s NCoRI (Napa, Lake, Sonoma cos.) Plant < 1 dm Plant > 1 dm Flowers in many crowded whorls; 2000--3500 m; SNH, SnBr, SNE Flowers in few spaced whorls; 1500--3000 m; e KR (Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Co.), NCoRO (King Range, sw Humboldt Co.) Calyx generally bulged or spurred < 1 mm; CaR, n SNH, GB, DMtns Calyx not bulged or spurred Leaves basal and cauline; petioles (5)7--15 cm --- c SNH, SNE Leaves cauline; petioles 1--10 cm Stem hairs appressed; leaf generally appearing green; flower (8)10--12 mm; CaR, n SNH, GB, DMtns Stem hairs spreading; leaf gray to silver; flower 8--10 mm; CaRH, SNH, Wrn, SNE Leaf hairs appressed, occasionally sparse Leaf hairs +- spreading, dense Bracts deciduous; leaflets 20--50 mm, silver-silky; NW, CaR, n SNH Bracts persistent; leaflets 30--80(130) mm, green, hairy; SNE (Big Pine Creek, Inyo Co.) Flower generally 12--15 mm; plant 2--3.5 dm; stem prostrate to matted --- SN Flower generally 10--13 mm; plant 3--9 dm; stem erect Petals lavender to purple, often turning brown; banner back densely hairy; KR, CaRH, MP Petals +- blue to purple; banner back glabrous to +- hairy; s SCoRO (San Luis Obispo Co.) Subshrub or shrub Perennial herb (rarely woody at base) Shrub, generally 5--20 dm; woody stems erect Subshrub, < 5 dm; woody stems prostrate to decumbent Inflorescence 10--30 cm; petals generally yellow (lilac to purple, especially n of c NCo); NCo, CCo, SnFrB, SCo, ChI Inflorescence 20--45 cm; petals violet to blue; SW Flower 14--18 mm --- Teh, SnGb, SnBr Flower 10--16 mm Keel +- unlobed near base --- flower 10--15 mm; NW, SNF, CW Keel +- lobed near base Flower 10--13 mm; petals purple except banner spot +- white; roots generally yellow; petioles generally < 2 × leaflets, 2--6 cm; n Flower 11--16 mm; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple, often on 1 pl; roots not yellow; petioles generally 2 × leaflets, 4--10 cm; NCo, n Leaf adaxially glabrous to sparsely hairy, green (except <i>Lupinus elmeri</i>) Leaf adaxially hairy, green-gray to silver Upper keel margin ciliate (occasionally sparsely so in <i>Lupinus onustus</i>) Upper keel margin generally glabrous (occasionally a few hairs) Plant 3.5--10 dm; leaves cauline --- NCo Plant < 3.5 dm; leaves generally basal or cauline, clustered near base Flower 8--11 mm, bract 3--4 mm; leaf abaxially silky-hairy; KR, CaRH, n SNH Flower 12--18 mm, bract 4--7 mm; leaf abaxially long-stiff-hairy; MP Petals +- yellow --- NW, CaR Petals not yellow Bract 2--7 mm; plant 4--6 dm; petals bright yellow to orange-yellow; KR, CaR Bract 7--14 mm; plant 6--9 dm; petals pale yellow; nw NCoRH (South Fork Mtn, Humboldt, Trinity cos.) Stem slender; leaves cauline; leaflets 10--40 mm; dry areas --- KR Stem stout; leaves basal and cauline; leaflets 40--150 mm; moist to wet areas Leaflet adaxially puberulent to minutely rough-hairy, appearing +- glabrous; KR, NCoRH, CaR Leaflet adaxially glabrous; CA-FP, GB Leaflets 5--11; KR, CaR, SNH, SnGb, SnBr, SnJt, WTR, GB Leaflets 9--17; NW, CW (except SCoRI) Inflorescence generally dense, bracts generally persistent (except <i>Lupinus constancei</i>) Inflorescence +- open, bracts generally +- deciduous (except <i>Lupinus covillei</i>, <i>Lupinus gracilentus</i>) Inflorescence generally < leaves; plant matted --- flowers in 2--3 whorls; W Inflorescence generally > leaves; plant matted or not Leaves cauline, appearing +- basal Leaves cauline, +- along stem Bracts deciduous; petals pink; serpentine barrens --- ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.) Bracts persistent; petals pink, violet, or blue; montane to alpine sites Inflorescence +- head-like, 2--8 cm, generally < some leaves; plant < 1 dm; 2000--3500 m Inflorescence elongate, 4.5--11 cm, > leaves; plant 1.2--3.5 dm; 1000--2500 m Plant +- prostrate, matted; petals pink --- ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.) Plant generally erect, generally not matted; petals blue or violet (occasionally pink) Largest leaflets > 40 mm Largest leaflets <= 40 mm Leaves cauline, strigose to shaggy-hairy, hairs > 1 mm; inflorescence open; petals light blue; c Leaves basal and cauline, strigose, hairs < 1 mm; inflorescence dense; petals violet to dark blue; c Inflorescence dense, 5--30 cm, whorls > 7, +- crowded; leaves cauline --- meadows, vernally moist areas; CaRH, SNH, WTR, SnBr, GB, DMtns Inflorescence generally open, 2--12 cm, whorls 3--7, +- well spaced; leaves, or at least some, basal Leaflets generally 10--30 mm; flower 9--11 mm; 2500--3000 m, s SNH (Kaweah River, Tulare, Fresno cos.) Leaflets generally 5--15(23) mm; flower generally 7--9(12) mm; 3000--4000 m, c Upper keel margin generally glabrous Upper keel margin ciliate Plant < 2 dm; flower 4--11 mm; keel +- straight Plant > 2 dm; flower generally > 9 mm; keel generally upcurved Petioles (2)3--6(8) cm; plant tufted; stipule 6--11 mm; pedicel (2)4--5 mm; pumice gravel flats --- SNE (Mono Co.) Petioles 1--3(4) cm; plant matted or tufted; stipule 2--5 mm; pedicel 1--3(4) mm; montane Flower 6--9 mm; leaflet 6--20 mm; 1000--4000 m Flower 4--7 mm; leaflet 3--5 mm; 2500--4000 m Stipules green, some leaf-like; flowers 10--14 mm --- SNH Stipule green to silvery, not leaf-like Petals pale yellow or bright yellow to orange-yellow Petals +- yellow-white to white, +- blue, lavender, violet, purple, or pink Flower 9--12 mm; petals pale yellow; NCoR, SnFrB, SN Flower 12--15 mm; petals bright yellow to orange-yellow; KR, CaR Leaves basal and cauline; moist to wet places --- KR, NCoRH, CaR Leaves cauline; dry places Banner narrow, wings narrow, not covering keel tip; KR, NCoRH, CaRH, SNH, WTR Banner wide, wings wide, covering keel tip Leaf green, sparsely to densely hairy Leaf dull green- or gray-hairy to silver-silky Flower 9--12 mm; NW, SNH, WTR, SnBr, SNE Flower 13--16 mm; SnGb, SnBr, PR Plant resprouting below ground, rhizomed; generally valleys Plant resprouting above ground, not rhizomed; mtns Flower 10--14 mm; stem 3--4 mm diam Flower 16--18 mm; stem 5--7 mm diam Petals white (banner spot turning tawny); seeds 7--11 mm --- NCoRH (Anthony Peak, Mendocino Co.) Petals not white; seeds 4--6 mm Leaflets widest above middle, appressed-hairy to +- silky; petals pale yellow to lavender or violet; NCoR, SN, SnFrB Leaflets widest below middle, densely silver-silky; petals lavender to blue; s SNH, TR Plant +- prostrate to decumbent, generally < 3 dm Plant generally erect, generally > 2 dm Petals pink; ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.) Petals purple, +- violet, lavender, rose, light blue, yellow, or white; KR, NCo, NCoRO, SN, CCo, SNE Leaves generally basal (if cauline, clustered near base); KR, NCoRO, SN, SNE Leaves cauline; NCo, CCo Inflorescence 10--16 cm; flower 10--16 mm; SN Inflorescence 2--7 cm; flower 9--12 mm; e KR (Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Co.), NCoRO (King Range, sw Humboldt Co.) Leaflets 3--5; stem weak --- s NCo (Sonoma Co.), n Leaflets 5--9; stem not weak Flower 10--13 mm; petals purple except banner spot +- white; roots yellow; petioles generally < 2 × leaflets, 2--6 cm; n Flower 11--16 mm; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple, often on 1 pl; roots not yellow; petioles generally 2 × leaflets, 4--10 cm; NCo, n Leaf densely woolly Leaf occasionally densely hairy but not woolly Stem hairs < 1 mm, not sharp, not stiff; petiole 5--12 cm; flower 10--15 mm; s SCoRO (San Luis Obispo Co.) Stem hairs sometimes 1--3 mm, sharp, stiff; petiole 6--30 cm; flower 10--18 mm; se SNH, SNE, DMoj Flower 10--13 mm Flower (13)16--18 mm Leaves clustered near base Leaves clustered near base or not, some along stem Petals yellow; SnGb Petals not yellow, occasionally pale yellow or drying so; NCoRI, SCoRO Peduncle 13--20 cm; petals light blue, pink, or pale yellow (often drying pale yellow); SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range) Peduncle 8--15 cm; petals purple to violet; s NCoRI (Napa, Lake, Sonoma cos.) Flower 5--7(10) mm; n Flower 8--18 mm; c Leaflets 30--110 mm Leaflets 15--50 mm Plant strigose to shaggy-hairy; leaflet yellow-green, 5--11 mm wide; lower petioles 5--10 cm; bracts 7--15 mm, persistent, conspicuous; c Plant puberulent to hairy; leaflet green, 2--5 mm wide; lower petioles (3)5--14 cm; bracts 4--10 mm, +- deciduous, inconspicuous; c SNH (Rock Creek, Inyo, Mono cos., to Yosemite National Park) Plant 4--7 dm; flower 13--15 mm; ne DMtns (Last Chance Range, Grapevine Mtns, Inyo Co.) Plant 1--4 dm; flower 10--12 mm; GB, DMtns Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text