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Annual, rarely living > 1 growing seasonPerennial herb to shrubCotyledons sessile, persistent at plant base, disk- or cup-like, or deciduous, leaving circular scar; fruit generally ovoid; seeds generally 2, generally tubercled or wrinkled (fruit oblong; seeds 2--6 in <i>Lupinus odoratus</i>)Cotyledons petioled, generally withering, generally deciduous, not leaving circular scar; fruit oblong; seeds generally > 2, smoothFlowers distinctly whorled; bracts reflexed; upper keel margins ciliate near clawFlowers not distinctly whorled; bracts not reflexed; upper keel margins glabrousStem generally not clearly hollow; lower keel margins as densely ciliate as upper; leaflets adaxially generally hairy; seed dark brown, tubercledStem clearly hollow at least below; lower keel margins glabrous or less ciliate than upper; leaflets adaxially glabrous; seed generally mottled, wrinkled or smoothPlant 30--75 cm; petals generally pale yellow (+- pink or bright blue); NW, CaRF, e SnFrB and n SCoRI (Diablo Range), w WTRPlant 100--200 cm; petals +- blue, in age +- yellow; NCoRO (Covelo, Mendocino Co.)Wings widely elliptic, not withering, in age translucent; lower keel margins ciliate near claw; calyx appendages 1--2 mmWings linear to oblanceolate, withering, in age not translucent; lower keel margins occasionally sparsely ciliate near claw; calyx appendages generally 0Bracts short-appressed- to long-spreading-hairy; fruit +- spreading, generally on 1 side of axisBracts long-shaggy-hairy; fruit generally +- erect, generally on > 1 side of axisLeaves basal; herbage sparsely hairy in youth, generally glabrous at flower; pedicel 3--5 mm --- GB, DLeaves cauline, often crowded near base; herbage sparsely hairy to canescent; pedicel generally < 3 mmPlant 1--2(3) cm; inflorescences (1)2-flowered; free blades of stipules < 1 mm; leaflets 2--7 mm --- MPPlant 3--20 cm; inflorescences 3--many flowered; free blades of stipules > 1 mm; leaflets generally > 7 mmHerbage canescent; upper calyx lip +- = lower; upper suture of fruit generally wavy and densely stiff-ciliate; fruit sides with hairs short, inflated, when dry scale-like --- DHerbage sparsely to densely +- long-hairy; upper calyx lip < lower; upper suture of fruit not obviously wavy and densely stiff-ciliate; fruit sides with hairs long, not inflated.Peduncle 0--1 cm; inflorescence < leaves; fruit oblong, narrowed between seeds --- GB (Modoc, Inyo cos.)Peduncle 2--5(10) cm; inflorescence > leaves; fruit ovate, not narrowed between seedsInflorescence 1--2.5 cm; pedicels 0.5--1.5 mm; calyx appendages present; seed smooth; s MP, WInflorescence 3--10 cm; pedicels 2--3 mm; calyx appendages 0; seed wrinkled; WLower and often upper margins of keel ciliate near claw, both glabrous near tipLower, upper keel margins glabrous or upper ciliate only near tipFlowers whorled --- petals generally blue-purple (white, pink, lavender); cFlowers spiralled (if appearing +- whorled, pedicel bases clearly spiralled, not whorled)Inflorescence < peduncle --- banner yellow, wings generally pink (+- white), keel white; SN, n SCoRO (Monterey Co.), SnGb, SnBrInflorescence generally > pedunclePetals gold-yellow or white; pedicel recurvingPetals blue or dark pink to magenta; pedicel not recurvingPetals gold-yellow, drying translucent, +- purple; c SNF (Fresno, Madera cos.)Petals white, pink- or lavender-tinged or not, banner occasionally drying translucent, yellow; c SNF (Mariposa Co.)Herbage short-appressed- and stiff-spreading-stinging-hairy; leaflets 10--20 mm wide --- cHerbage not stiff-spreading-stinging-hairy; leaflets generally < 10 mm widePetiole flat, leaflet-like; keel tip stout, blunt, upper margins ciliate middle to claw --- cPetiole not flat, not leaflet-like; keel tip slender, pointed, upper margins generally glabrousPedicel 5--9 mm; bract 10--15 mm, >> flower bud --- SNF, Teh, deltaic GV, SCoROPedicel < 5 mm; bract 3--8 mm, < to +- > flower budLeaflets 5--10 mm wide, adaxially glabrous; petals dark pink to magenta; e DMoj, DSonLeaflets 2--4 mm wide, adaxially hairy at least near margins; petals generally blue (+- pink); s SCoR, SW, DMojFlowers spiralled; bracts generally persistent; upper keel margins generally glabrousFlowers whorled at some or all nodes; bracts deciduous; upper keel margins generally ciliate near tipPlant with central peduncle erect, lateral often decumbent; open or disturbed areas, burns, s SN, cPlant with peduncles decumbent; stable dunes, s CCo (Nipomo Dunes, sw San Luis Obispo Co.)Banner longer than wide; pedicel generally < 3 mmBanner as wide as or wider than long; pedicel generally > 3 mmFruit generally 3--6 mm wide; keel generally ciliate on upper margins near tip; abundant, < 1600 m, CA-FP, DMojFruit 6--9 mm wide; keel glabrous; uncommon, < 600 m, NCoRO, CaRF, SNF, SnFrB, SCoROUpper keel margins with (occasionally inconspicuous) tooth near middle --- NCo, NCoR, CCo, SnFrBUpper keel margins without toothFruit 4--7 mm wide --- < 1300 mFruit 8--10 mm widePedicel 4--5 mm; herbage sparsely hairy; ChI (San Clemente Island)Pedicel 6--8 mm; herbage densely hairy; c SNF (Mariposa, Tuolumne cos.)Upper keel margin ciliate from claw to middle, glabrous from middle to tipUpper keel margin glabrous or variously ciliate, but not as at 29.Plant fleshy; inflorescence 9--15 cm; open or disturbed areas; fruit 35--50 mmPlant not fleshy; inflorescence 16--60 cm; open to shady, moist areas; fruit 20--45 mmFlower 13--18 mmFlower 8--14 mmStem densely hairy; SnFrBStem subglabrous to sparsely strigose; c SNH, s SN, SWFlower 8--10 mmFlower 10--14 mmStem glabrous to strigose; MPStem strigose; KR, CaR, MPWings covering most of keel; plant 4--24 dm; SN, SNEWings not covering most of keel; plant 3--12 dm; NW, CW, SWCalyx with spur 1--3 mmCalyx with bulge or spur 0--1 mmWings with dense patch of hair outside near tip; leaf green, strigose; CaRH, SNH, SnGb, GBWings glabrous; leaf silver-silky; c SNH, GBBanner back generally hairy (best seen in buds)Banner back +- glabrousUpper keel margin +- glabrousUpper keel margin ciliateStem prostrate to decumbent, generally < 4 dmStem erect, generally > 4 dmShrub --- coastal strand, dunesPerennial herbLeaf greenLeaf silver- to white-hairyPetals pale yellow to orange-yellow; CaRH, nPetals white to purple; n SNHPetals generally yellow; n SNH (Plumas Co.)Petals cream-yellow to -white, pale yellow, lavender, or blue; s SNH, TR, SNE;Petals lavender to blue; 1500--3000 m; s SNH, TRPetals cream to pale yellow; generally > 2500 m; generally c SNH (n Inyo Co.)Subshrub or shrubPerennial herbKeel generally lobed near base; flower 9--18 mm; s SNH, Teh, SW, SNE, DKeel generally unlobed near base; flower 9--16 mm; CA-FPShrub, generally > 7 dmSubshrub, generally < 7 dmFlower 9--13 mm; leaf silver-hairy; DMoj, adjacent s SNH, SNEFlower 14--18 mm; leaf green-hairy; SnGb, SnBr, PRInflorescence 14--40 cm; Teh, SnGb, SnBrInflorescence 3--14 cm; SnGb, SnBr, DSonPetiole < 12 cm; SnGb, SnBrPetiole generally > 12 cm; sw DSonSubshrub, generally < 5 dm, base, some lower branches woodyShrub, generally > 5 dm, woody +- throughoutLeaf woolly to shaggy-hairy; SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)Leaf appressed-hairy, not woolly or shaggy-hairy; NW, SNF, CWLeaf woolly to shaggy-hairy; SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)Leaf hairy but not woolly or shaggy-hairy; NCoR, SNF, CW, SCo, n ChIBract 4--8 mm; NCoR, SNF, CW, SCoBract 10--24 mm; CCo, nw SnFrB, n ChILeaflet 10--30 mm at widest pointLeaflet generally < 10 mm at widest pointPetals yellow --- SnGbPetals pink to +- purple or blue (or pale yellow)Peduncle 13--20 cm; leaf long-spreading-hairy; petals light blue, pink, or straw (often drying pale yellow); SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)Peduncle 8--15 cm; leaf short-appressed-hairy; petals purple to violet; s NCoRI (Napa, Lake, Sonoma cos.)Plant < 1 dmPlant > 1 dmFlowers in many crowded whorls; 2000--3500 m; SNH, SnBr, SNEFlowers in few spaced whorls; 1500--3000 m; e KR (Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Co.), NCoRO (King Range, sw Humboldt Co.)Calyx generally bulged or spurred < 1 mm; CaR, n SNH, GB, DMtnsCalyx not bulged or spurredLeaves basal and cauline; petioles (5)7--15 cm --- c SNH, SNELeaves cauline; petioles 1--10 cmStem hairs appressed; leaf generally appearing green; flower (8)10--12 mm; CaR, n SNH, GB, DMtnsStem hairs spreading; leaf gray to silver; flower 8--10 mm; CaRH, SNH, Wrn, SNELeaf hairs appressed, occasionally sparseLeaf hairs +- spreading, denseBracts deciduous; leaflets 20--50 mm, silver-silky; NW, CaR, n SNHBracts persistent; leaflets 30--80(130) mm, green, hairy; SNE (Big Pine Creek, Inyo Co.)Flower generally 12--15 mm; plant 2--3.5 dm; stem prostrate to matted --- SNFlower generally 10--13 mm; plant 3--9 dm; stem erectPetals lavender to purple, often turning brown; banner back densely hairy; KR, CaRH, MPPetals +- blue to purple; banner back glabrous to +- hairy; s SCoRO (San Luis Obispo Co.)Subshrub or shrubPerennial herb (rarely woody at base)Shrub, generally 5--20 dm; woody stems erectSubshrub, < 5 dm; woody stems prostrate to decumbentInflorescence 10--30 cm; petals generally yellow (lilac to purple, especially n of c NCo); NCo, CCo, SnFrB, SCo, ChIInflorescence 20--45 cm; petals violet to blue; SWFlower 14--18 mm --- Teh, SnGb, SnBrFlower 10--16 mmKeel +- unlobed near base --- flower 10--15 mm; NW, SNF, CWKeel +- lobed near baseFlower 10--13 mm; petals purple except banner spot +- white; roots generally yellow; petioles generally < 2 × leaflets, 2--6 cm; nFlower 11--16 mm; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple, often on 1 pl; roots not yellow; petioles generally 2 × leaflets, 4--10 cm; NCo, nLeaf adaxially glabrous to sparsely hairy, green (except <i>Lupinus elmeri</i>)Leaf adaxially hairy, green-gray to silverUpper keel margin ciliate (occasionally sparsely so in <i>Lupinus onustus</i>)Upper keel margin generally glabrous (occasionally a few hairs)Plant 3.5--10 dm; leaves cauline --- NCoPlant < 3.5 dm; leaves generally basal or cauline, clustered near baseFlower 8--11 mm, bract 3--4 mm; leaf abaxially silky-hairy; KR, CaRH, n SNHFlower 12--18 mm, bract 4--7 mm; leaf abaxially long-stiff-hairy; MPPetals +- yellow --- NW, CaRPetals not yellowBract 2--7 mm; plant 4--6 dm; petals bright yellow to orange-yellow; KR, CaRBract 7--14 mm; plant 6--9 dm; petals pale yellow; nw NCoRH (South Fork Mtn, Humboldt, Trinity cos.)Stem slender; leaves cauline; leaflets 10--40 mm; dry areas --- KRStem stout; leaves basal and cauline; leaflets 40--150 mm; moist to wet areasLeaflet adaxially puberulent to minutely rough-hairy, appearing +- glabrous; KR, NCoRH, CaRLeaflet adaxially glabrous; CA-FP, GBLeaflets 5--11; KR, CaR, SNH, SnGb, SnBr, SnJt, WTR, GBLeaflets 9--17; NW, CW (except SCoRI)Inflorescence generally dense, bracts generally persistent (except <i>Lupinus constancei</i>)Inflorescence +- open, bracts generally +- deciduous (except <i>Lupinus covillei</i>, <i>Lupinus gracilentus</i>)Inflorescence generally < leaves; plant matted --- flowers in 2--3 whorls; WInflorescence generally > leaves; plant matted or notLeaves cauline, appearing +- basalLeaves cauline, +- along stemBracts deciduous; petals pink; serpentine barrens --- ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.)Bracts persistent; petals pink, violet, or blue; montane to alpine sitesInflorescence +- head-like, 2--8 cm, generally < some leaves; plant < 1 dm; 2000--3500 mInflorescence elongate, 4.5--11 cm, > leaves; plant 1.2--3.5 dm; 1000--2500 mPlant +- prostrate, matted; petals pink --- ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.)Plant generally erect, generally not matted; petals blue or violet (occasionally pink)Largest leaflets > 40 mmLargest leaflets <= 40 mmLeaves cauline, strigose to shaggy-hairy, hairs > 1 mm; inflorescence open; petals light blue; cLeaves basal and cauline, strigose, hairs < 1 mm; inflorescence dense; petals violet to dark blue; cInflorescence dense, 5--30 cm, whorls > 7, +- crowded; leaves cauline --- meadows, vernally moist areas; CaRH, SNH, WTR, SnBr, GB, DMtnsInflorescence generally open, 2--12 cm, whorls 3--7, +- well spaced; leaves, or at least some, basalLeaflets generally 10--30 mm; flower 9--11 mm; 2500--3000 m, s SNH (Kaweah River, Tulare, Fresno cos.)Leaflets generally 5--15(23) mm; flower generally 7--9(12) mm; 3000--4000 m, cUpper keel margin generally glabrousUpper keel margin ciliatePlant < 2 dm; flower 4--11 mm; keel +- straightPlant > 2 dm; flower generally > 9 mm; keel generally upcurvedPetioles (2)3--6(8) cm; plant tufted; stipule 6--11 mm; pedicel (2)4--5 mm; pumice gravel flats --- SNE (Mono Co.)Petioles 1--3(4) cm; plant matted or tufted; stipule 2--5 mm; pedicel 1--3(4) mm; montaneFlower 6--9 mm; leaflet 6--20 mm; 1000--4000 mFlower 4--7 mm; leaflet 3--5 mm; 2500--4000 mStipules green, some leaf-like; flowers 10--14 mm --- SNHStipule green to silvery, not leaf-likePetals pale yellow or bright yellow to orange-yellowPetals +- yellow-white to white, +- blue, lavender, violet, purple, or pinkFlower 9--12 mm; petals pale yellow; NCoR, SnFrB, SNFlower 12--15 mm; petals bright yellow to orange-yellow; KR, CaRLeaves basal and cauline; moist to wet places --- KR, NCoRH, CaRLeaves cauline; dry placesBanner narrow, wings narrow, not covering keel tip; KR, NCoRH, CaRH, SNH, WTRBanner wide, wings wide, covering keel tipLeaf green, sparsely to densely hairyLeaf dull green- or gray-hairy to silver-silkyFlower 9--12 mm; NW, SNH, WTR, SnBr, SNEFlower 13--16 mm; SnGb, SnBr, PRPlant resprouting below ground, rhizomed; generally valleysPlant resprouting above ground, not rhizomed; mtnsFlower 10--14 mm; stem 3--4 mm diamFlower 16--18 mm; stem 5--7 mm diamPetals white (banner spot turning tawny); seeds 7--11 mm --- NCoRH (Anthony Peak, Mendocino Co.)Petals not white; seeds 4--6 mmLeaflets widest above middle, appressed-hairy to +- silky; petals pale yellow to lavender or violet; NCoR, SN, SnFrBLeaflets widest below middle, densely silver-silky; petals lavender to blue; s SNH, TRPlant +- prostrate to decumbent, generally < 3 dmPlant generally erect, generally > 2 dmPetals pink; ne NCoRO (Lassics Range, se Humboldt, sw Trinity cos.)Petals purple, +- violet, lavender, rose, light blue, yellow, or white; KR, NCo, NCoRO, SN, CCo, SNELeaves generally basal (if cauline, clustered near base); KR, NCoRO, SN, SNELeaves cauline; NCo, CCoInflorescence 10--16 cm; flower 10--16 mm; SNInflorescence 2--7 cm; flower 9--12 mm; e KR (Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Co.), NCoRO (King Range, sw Humboldt Co.)Leaflets 3--5; stem weak --- s NCo (Sonoma Co.), nLeaflets 5--9; stem not weakFlower 10--13 mm; petals purple except banner spot +- white; roots yellow; petioles generally < 2 × leaflets, 2--6 cm; nFlower 11--16 mm; petals white, yellow, rose, or purple, often on 1 pl; roots not yellow; petioles generally 2 × leaflets, 4--10 cm; NCo, nLeaf densely woollyLeaf occasionally densely hairy but not woollyStem hairs < 1 mm, not sharp, not stiff; petiole 5--12 cm; flower 10--15 mm; s SCoRO (San Luis Obispo Co.)Stem hairs sometimes 1--3 mm, sharp, stiff; petiole 6--30 cm; flower 10--18 mm; se SNH, SNE, DMojFlower 10--13 mmFlower (13)16--18 mmLeaves clustered near baseLeaves clustered near base or not, some along stemPetals yellow; SnGbPetals not yellow, occasionally pale yellow or drying so; NCoRI, SCoROPeduncle 13--20 cm; petals light blue, pink, or pale yellow (often drying pale yellow); SCoRO (Santa Lucia Range)Peduncle 8--15 cm; petals purple to violet; s NCoRI (Napa, Lake, Sonoma cos.)Flower 5--7(10) mm; nFlower 8--18 mm; cLeaflets 30--110 mmLeaflets 15--50 mmPlant strigose to shaggy-hairy; leaflet yellow-green, 5--11 mm wide; lower petioles 5--10 cm; bracts 7--15 mm, persistent, conspicuous; cPlant puberulent to hairy; leaflet green, 2--5 mm wide; lower petioles (3)5--14 cm; bracts 4--10 mm, +- deciduous, inconspicuous; c SNH (Rock Creek, Inyo, Mono cos., to Yosemite National Park)Plant 4--7 dm; flower 13--15 mm; ne DMtns (Last Chance Range, Grapevine Mtns, Inyo Co.)Plant 1--4 dm; flower 10--12 mm; GB, DMtnsTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextTextText