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Flowers in heads on a flat or depressed to slightly domed axis; bracts surrounding base of inflorescence enlarged, imbricate, forming a prominent involucre
Flowers in usually elongate or rounded conflorescences, borne on an elongate (rarely short) axis; bracts surrounding base of inflorescence either absent or inconspicuous, not enlarged
Pistil exceeding perianth by 1 mm or more
Pistil as long as or slightly shorter than perianth
Involucral bracts shorter than pistil (of outer flowers in taxa in which inner flowers are shorter than outer ones)
Involucral bracts as long as or exceeding pistil
Pistil crook-shaped, 68–79 mm long; pollen presenter prominent, ovoid; tepals flared widely at apex of basal tube; flowers 12–17 per head (Badgingarra district)
Pistil straight to curved but not crook-shaped, usually less than 60 mm long; pollen presenter narrowly cylindrical; tepals not flared; flowers 20–250 per head
Receptacle prominently convex; flowers at anthesis forming a circle leaving a central hole
Receptacle gently concave, or flat, or gently convex; flowers ±equally-spaced in head at anthesis
Leaves pinnatipartite, usually with at least some lobes also pinnatipartite; involucral bracts acuminate; perianth loosely hirsute with sticky hairs (between Woodanilling, Cranbrook
Leaves simply pinnatipartite; involucral bracts obtuse to shortly acute; perianth villous, hirsute or pubescent with non-sticky hairs
Leaf lobes linear
Leaf lobes oblong or triangular
Leaf lobes not twisted, held vertically (Kojonup to Ongerup, Stirling Ra.
Leaf lobes twisted so that apical half of lobe is ±horizontal (Eneabba to Cataby)
Leaf lobes oblong or narrowly triangular
Leaf lobes broadly triangular
Plant with underground stems, fire-tolerant; leaf lobes 15–35 each side (Bannister and Wandering to Manjimup)
Plant with stems above ground, fire-sensitive; leaf lobes 40–75 each side (Albany to Stirling Ra.
Plant with underground stems, fire-tolerant
Plant with above-ground stems, fire-sensitive (Lake Indoon to Nyabing
Leaf lobes 1–3 mm wide at base, the lower (basal) margin more revolute than the upper, slightly overlapping the lobe below (near Badgingarra)
Leaf lobes 2–8 mm wide at base, both margins slightly and ±equally recurved to revolute, not overlapping; widespread
Leaves usually markedly convex (lobes recurved towards apex) (W of Arrino to Alexander Morrison Natl Park)
Leaves not or slightly convex (Geraldton to Cape Naturaliste and E to Corrigin and Traysurin)
At least some leaves more than 20 cm long; mostly low shrubs with short stems
Leaves usually less than 20 cm long, in several species some longer
Leaves pinnatipartite usually only in lowest third to half, with subulate lobes, otherwise entire (Pingelly to Tambellup)
Leaves prominently pinnatipartite or pinnatifid throughout
Leaves 4–20 mm wide
Most leaves more than 20 mm wide
Pistil pilose in lower half (Kamballup)
Pistil glabrous except hairs on ovary
Perianth 17–19 mm long; pistil 18–21 mm long; leaf lobes markedly twisted (Stirling Ra.)
Perianth lobes more than 20 mm long; pistil more than 25 mm long; leaf lobes not twisted
Leaves with 60–110 lobes each side (near Busselton, Stirling Ra. to Albany)
Leaves with fewer than 50 lobes each side
Flowers 150–250 per head (Esperance to Mt Ragged)
Flowers fewer than 120 per head
Pistil 42–56 mm long; at least some leaves more than 10 mm wide (Eneabba to Katanning)
Pistil 30–40 mm long; leaves 4–8 mm wide (Tarin Rock, Ravensthorpe)
Leaf lobes linear
Leaf lobes triangular, usually broadly so
Prostrate shrub with lignotuber; involucral bracts to 2 cm long; pistil 38–53 mm long (Badgingarra to Moore R., Perth, Gairdner R. to Cape le Grand)
Bushy shrub without lignotuber; involucral bracts 4.5–5.5 cm long; pistil 58–74 mm long (Cadoux to Hyden)
Involucral bracts 30–40 mm long (Newdegate to Ravensthorpe)
Involucral bracts 25 mm or less long
Leaves less than 25 mm wide (Eneabba to Katanning)
Leaves 25–75 mm wide
Stems with recurved, ovate-oblong tomentose prophylls (near Badgingarra)
Stems with appressed, lanceolate, villous prophylls
Leaf lobes acute, with margins straight to gently curved; perianth limb 8–11 mm long; flowers 50–85 per head (Nyabing to Hyden)
Leaf lobes obtuse, with margins prominently curved in to apex; perianth limb 11–14 mm long; flowers 60–100 per head (Mogumber to Bremer Bay)
Leaves pinnatipartite with at least some lobes also pinnatipartite; perianth claws loosely hirsute with sticky hairs (Woodanilling to Cranbrook
Leaves simply divided or lobed; perianth hairs not sticky
Pistil c. 15 mm longer than perianth; leaves 3–4 mm wide (Wongan Hills)
Pistil usually no more than 10 mm longer than perianth, if longer than 15 mm then leaves at least 6 mm wide
Leaf lamina excluding lobes cuneate to obovate, commonly with more than 5 teeth each side
Leaf lamina excluding lobes linear, oblong, lanceolate, elliptic, or narrowly obovate to narrowly cuneate and then with fewer than 5 teeth per side, or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect with large triangular lobes
Leaves white-tomentose below
Leaves glabrous below except pits
Leaves sessile or almost so, commonly more than 25 mm wide; involucral bracts to 12–15 mm long; floral bracts 2 mm long (Clackline to Dwellingup)
Leaves petiolate, 12–22 mm wide; longest involucral bracts to 20–25 mm long; floral bracts 15–17 mm long (Stirling Ra.)
Follicles 6–7 mm long, not indurated; perianth limb glabrous or sparsely hairy
Follicles 9–14 mm long, indurated; perianth limb hairy
Leaves bright green; flowers ±bright yellow (Stirling Ra. to Israelite Bay)
Leaves glaucous; flowers pale yellow (Eneabba to Mogumber)
Involucral bracts pale; pistil 24–40 mm long; pollen presenter 1–1.3 mm long, pale red; flowers 35–100 per head (Narrogin to Albany
Involucral bracts dark brown; pistil 22–26 mm long; pollen presenter 1 mm long, dark brown; flowers 180–190 per head (Gillingarra)
Leaf lamina narrowly obovate to narrowly cuneate with no or 1–4 teeth each side
Leaf lamina linear, oblong, lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes narrowly cuneate or narrowly obovate, usually with more than 5 teeth or lobes each side, or pinnatipartite to pinnatisect with large triangular lobes
Heads terminal, conspicuous; pistil 16–23 mm long; perianth creamy-white, often pink-tinged; shrub without lignotuber (Geraldton to Gingin)
Heads on short branchlet near base of stem, inconspicuous; pistil 30–40 mm long; perianth yellow; many-stemmed shrub with lignotuber (Arrowsmith to Hill R.)
Pistils within head straight or incurved or outcurved
All pistils within head curved downwards or downwards and with the apex upturned
Leaves 2.5–7 cm wide; perianth limb 8–14 mm long
Leaves commonly less than 2.5 cm wide; perianth limb less than 7 mm long
Stems with ±straight lanceolate villous prophylls; perianth limb 8–11 mm long; flowers 50–85 per head (Nyabing to Hyden)
Stems with recurved, ovate-oblong tomentose prophylls; perianth limb 12–15 mm long; flowers 85–110 per head (near Badgingarra)
Leaves pinnatisect
Leaves serrate, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite
Pistil 16–19 mm long (New Norcia to Bindoon)
Pistil 28–42 mm long (Kalbarri to Cranbrook)
Leaf lobes linear or lanceolate
Leaf lobes or teeth triangular
Flowers 15–26 per head; stem covered with prophylls (Kulin to Nyabing
Flowers 30–120 per head; prophylls few or none on mature stem
Perianth 29–34 mm long; pistil 32–42 mm long; shrub without lignotuber (Stirling Ra. to Munglinup)
Perianth 20–27 mm long; pistil 22–33 mm long; shrub with lignotuber, usually suckering
Flowers c. 80–100 per head; leaves 40–55 mm wide; sinuses 10–25 mm across (Kulin
Flowers c. 35 per head; leaves 10–25 mm wide; sinuses 3–7 mm across (Kulin to Nyabing)
Flowers orange or pink
Flowers yellow, commonly with deep yellow or golden limb
Perianth 19–23 mm long; shrub to 50 cm (Badgingarra, Mogumber)
Perianth 25–42 mm long; shrub to 3 or 4 m
Leaves soft; floral bracts glabrous (Busselton to Two Peoples Bay
Leaves rather leathery; floral bracts hirsute or villous
Leaves divided more than half way to midrib, usually dark green above; at least some leaf laminas 15–20 cm long; follicles 16–19 mm long (Eneabba to Katanning)
Leaves divided less than half way to midrib, usually bluish green above; leaves never more than 15 cm long; follicles 9–11 mm long (York to Broomehill)
Leaves 3–9 mm wide
Leaves 10–35 mm wide
Pistil loosely hirsute, at least in lower quarter
Pistil glabrous except a few hairs on ovary
Pollen presenter 3–5 mm long; leaf lobe margins flat or equally recurved
Pollen presenter 0.9–1.3 mm long; leaf lobes revolute but the upper margin much less so than the lower
Perianth 25–39 mm long; pistil 28–42 mm long; flowers yellow (widespread, Mt Lesueur to Albany
Perianth 19–23 mm long; pistil 22–29 mm long; flowers pink and greenish cream (rare, Badgingarra, Mogumber)
Pollen presenter noticeably thicker than apex of style; perianth 12–20 mm long; pistil markedly looped before anthesis (Eneabba to Armadale)
Pollen presenter scarcely thicker than apex of style; perianth 19–22 mm long; pistil gently bowed before anthesis (Eneabba to Badgingarra)
Pistil 37–49 mm long
Pistil 22–31 mm long
Involucral bracts appressed-pubescent, shining brown; leaves with 10–25 teeth each side (Ravensthorpe)
Involucral bracts glabrous at base, plumose above, pale; leaves with 3–8 teeth each side (Pingelly to Woodanilling)
Pistil 27–31 mm long; perianth limb hirsute (Three Springs to Badgingarra)
Pistil 22–26 mm long; perianth limb glabrous or with a few basal hairs (New Norcia to Regans Ford and Gingin)
At least some leaves 15 cm or more long
Leaves less than 13.5 cm long (juvenile leaves may be longer)
Involucral bracts 40–50 mm long (Ravensthorpe)
Involucral bracts to 30 mm long
Flowers 150–250 per head; involucral bracts 14–30 mm long; perianth limb hairy at least in lower half (Esperance to Mt Ragged)
Flowers 35–65 per head; involucral bracts to 12 mm long; perianth limb glabrous
Pistil 29–33 mm long (Wongan Hills)
Pistil 23–27 mm long
Perianth limb c. 2.5 mm long; involucral bracts pubescent with densely ciliate margins; pollen presenter 1–1.5 mm long (Moora to New Norcia and Cataby)
Perianth limb 3–4 mm long; involucral bracts glabrous or scurfy, with shortly ciliate margins; pollen presenter 1.8–2 mm long (Three Springs)
Leaves with subulate teeth on petiole and base (Woodanilling to Katanning)
Leaves without teeth on petiole and base
Perianth limb 10–11 mm long; flowers 15–20 per head (Pingelly to Woodanilling)
Perianth limb less than 9 mm long; flowers more than 40 per head
Perianth limb 7–8.5 mm long; involucral bracts 30–35 mm long, obtuse (Kalbarri to Three Springs)
Perianth limb 2–6.5 mm long; involucral bracts commonly less than 20 mm long, if longer then tomentose
Pistil 45–48 mm long; involucral bracts 22–32 mm long (Stirling Ra.)
Pistil 20–42 mm long; involucral bracts less than 20 mm long
Pistil glabrous
Pistil hirsute in lower quarter to half
Perianth 25–27 mm long; limb hirsute (Kulin to Nyabing
Perianth 17–23 mm long; limb glabrous or almost so (Regans Ford to New Norcia
Pollen presenter 0.8–1.5 mm long
Pollen presenter 2.5–6 mm long
Pistil 20–26 mm long; involucral bracts usually recurved; leaf teeth up to 10 each side (Bindoon to Albany; Whicher Ra.)
Pistil 28–32 mm long; involucral bracts all erect; leaf teeth 1–6 each side (N of Southern Cross)
Perianth 25–39 mm long; limb 4–4.5 mm long; floral bracts glabrous (Mt Lesueur to Albany
Perianth 22–24 mm long; limb 4.5–6.5 mm long; floral bracts hirsute at base (Tathra Natl Park to Bendering)
Pistils curved downwards then up
Pistil curved ±evenly downwards, in D. columnaris curved up but then downwards in upper half
Leaf lamina excluding lobes elliptic; involucral bracts silky-villous; floral bracts hirsute both sides (Stirling Ra., Albany)
Leaf lamina excluding lobes linear; involucral bracts appressed-pubescent; floral bracts hirsute one side, glabrous the other (Bow R. to Mt Manypeaks)
Leaf lamina excluding lobes oblong or oblanceolate; lobes obliquely ovate
Leaf lamina excluding lobes linear; lobes linear to narrowly triangular; involucral bracts linear to subulate
Leaf lobes 10–35 each side; involucral bracts ovate to lanceolate (Stirling Ra.)
Leaf lobes 8–11 each side; involucral bracts linear to subulate (Darling Plateau SE of Perth)
Leaf lobes strongly twisted (Stirling Ra.)
Leaf lobes not twisted
Involucral bracts with glandular as well as non-glandular hairs (Brookton to Narrogin)
Involucral bracts without glandular hairs
Floral bracts 5–6 mm long; pollen presenter 1.5–1.8 mm long (Miling to South Stirling)
Floral bracts 3.5–4 mm long; pollen presenter 1 mm long
Leaf lobes 10–25 each side; follicles transversely ovate (Eneabba to Mogumber)
Leaf lobes 2–5 each side; follicles narrowly ovate (Stirling Ra.)
Pistil straight or gently curved outwards or inwards
Pistil curved down, at least in upper half
Involucral bracts 80–90 mm long (near Kulin)
Involucral bracts 30–75 mm long
Involucral bracts broad, obtuse or acute, dark red-brown, often shining
Involucral bracts acute or acuminate, plumose, silky, villous or tomentose, pale to dark brown
Perianth not swollen at apex of basal tube; limb usually 5–7 mm long, occasionally to 7.5 mm
Perianth swollen and succulent at apex of basal tube; limb 7–9 mm long
Pollen presenter 5–5.5 mm long; pistil 35–38 mm long; leaf lobes obtuse (Fitzgerald R. to Israelite Bay)
Pollen presenter 2.8–3 mm long; pistil 27–29 mm long; leaf teeth acute, pungent (Wongan Hills)
Leaves serrate; erect shrubs
Leaves pinnatifid or pinnatipartite, rarely almost entire; low or prostrate shrubs (Pingelly to Stirling Ra.
Longest involucral bracts 40–50 mm long (Ravensthorpe)
Longest involucral bracts 50–75 mm long (Toodyay to Narrogin)
Leaves cuneate or obovate, serrate (Gairdner R. to Ravensthorpe)
Leaves linear, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite
Perianth 15–20 mm long
Perianth 25–30 mm long (Tarin Rock, Ravensthorpe)
Involucral bracts abruptly narrowed but acute, silky, villous or tomentose; leaf lobes 40–60 each side (Stirling Ra. area)
Involucral bracts tapering, long-villous; leaf lobes 15–31 each side (Stirling Ra. area)
Involucral bracts softly plumose, villous or woolly, with longest hairs 3–5 mm long (Stirling Ra. to West Mt Barren)
Involucral bracts pubescent, tomentose, hirsute or silky-villous, with longest hairs less than 2 mm long
Leaves pinnatifid; involucral bracts with glandular hairs (Pingelly)
Leaves serrate or dentate; involucral bracts silky-villous, without glandular hairs
Style yellow with red pollen presenter; pistil 23–31 mm long (Corrigin to Kukerin)
Style red with green pollen presenter; pistil 18–22 mm long (Woodanilling to Nyabing
Leaves cuneate to flabelliform, sometimes almost oblong, serrate (Kalbarri to Bremer Bay)
Leaves linear or narrowly cuneate, or deeply divided
Leaves bipinnatipartite (Eneabba to Manjimup)
Leaves serrate, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite, sometimes entire
Involucral bracts broad, obtuse, glabrous to appressed-pubescent, dark brown, shining (Darkin to Cape Arid)
Involucral bracts not as above
Leaves entire
Leaves dentate, serrate, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite
Leaves subtending inflorescence not or little reduced, pliable; involucral bracts 40–50 mm long, spreading-hirsute; leaf lamina 5–10 cm long; perianth 24–30 mm long; erect, bushy shrub with flowers on upper branches (Tathra Natl Park to Badgingarra; Tammin)
Leaves subtending inflorescence short, rigid, pungent; involucral bracts 10–12 mm long, appressed-hirsute; leaf lamina 15–35 cm long; perianth 22–24 mm long; low shrub with flowers almost at ground level (Eneabba to Badgingarra)
All or most leaves more than 15 mm wide
All or most leaves less than 15 mm wide
Involucral bracts papery, the outer almost glabrous, the inner rusty-pubescent along midrib, with upper margins cobwebby; flowers red and white (Newdegate)
Involucral bracts firm, tomentose, silky-villous or villous; flowers various shades of yellow, pink, brown or orange
Pistil 49–52 mm long (Dumbleyung to Lake Grace
Pistil 31–45 mm long
Longest involucral bracts 9–15 mm long
Longest involucral bracts 20–42 mm long
Leaf lobes triangular; stems with scattered prophylls (Tenterden to Albany and Wellstead)
Leaf lobes linear; stems covered with prophylls (Woodanilling)
Bushy shrub with erect stems; perianth limb 13–15 mm long (Stirling Ra. to Lort R.)
Shrub with prostrate, usually underground stems; perianth limb 8–13 mm long
Leaves 50–130 mm wide (Stirling Ra.)
Leaves 20–45 mm wide
Flowers 20–30 per head; perianth tomentose above base, golden; pistil 37–40 mm long; leaf lobes 30–40 each side (Woodanilling to Ongerup
Flowers c. 80 per head; perianth villous above base, orange-pink; pistil 33–36 mm long; leaf lobes 18–28 each side (E of Mundaring Weir)
Leaves with 15–75 teeth each side (usually more than 20)
Leaves with 2–12 teeth each side
Involucral bracts to 60 mm long, viscid; pistil 54–55 mm long (E of Hyden)
Involucral bracts 15–40 mm long, not viscid; pistil 24–35 mm long
Shrub with above-ground stems to 70 cm tall; involucral bracts 30–40 mm long; perianth cream and dull purple (Geraldton to Gingin)
Shrub with underground stems; involucral bracts to 22 mm long; perianth yellow (Mogumber, Perth, Whicher Ra.)
Pistil 37–49 mm long; pollen presenter 6–7 mm long (Pingelly to Woodanilling)
Pistil 22–36 mm long; pollen presenter 3–4 mm long
Flowers 15–26 per head (Kulin to Nyabing
Flowers 30–60 per head
Leaves narrowly linear with revolute margins; branchlets hirsute (Tammin to Corrigin
Leaves broadly linear with recurved margins; branchlets tomentose (Eneabba to Lake Grace)
Style after anthesis hooked just below apex
Style remaining straight or gently curved, occasionally S-shaped below apex but pollen presenter always erect
Inflorescence cylindrical; axis 6–20 cm long
Inflorescence spherical or ovoid; axis 2–6 cm long
Leaves pinnatipartite
Leaves entire or dentate
Leaves narrowly linear with revolute margins, entire or shortly dentate towards apex
Leaves broadly linear, oblong or narrowly elliptic with flat to recurved margins
Leaves 9–20 mm long
Leaves 3–13 cm long
Leaves entire except an obtuse tooth each side of apical mucro; flowers soon falling; follicles 8–16 mm high
Leaves usually spinulose to serrate or dentate at least along upper margins; flowers persistent or soon falling; follicles 3–7 mm high
Leaves alternate; perianth 23–29 mm long; follicles flattened or rounded along suture (eastern Australia)
Leaves in whorls; perianth 13–18 mm long; follicles ±acute along suture (W.A.)
Leaves elliptic, entire, leathery
Leaves linear or oblong, usually dentate to some extent, not leathery
Leaves linear with recurved margins
Leaves broadly linear to oblong, with recurved or almost flat margins
Leaves 10–23 cm long; perianth 25–27 mm long; style yellow
Leaves 4–13 cm long; perianth 17–18 mm long; style metallic red
Perianth limb pubescent (eastern Australia)
Perianth limb glabrous (W.A.)
Leaves with many triangular lobes; pistil 14–15 mm long
Leaves entire; pistil more than 16 mm long
Flowers opening from base of spike upwards; inflorescence pendulous
Flowers opening from apex of spike downwards; inflorescence erect
Leaves pubescent above, becoming scabrid
Leaves smooth when mature
Perianth glabrous inside
Perianth hairy inside
Perianth 17–25 mm long; pollen presenter ovoid
Perianth 7–10 mm long; pollen presenter turbinate
Leaves 1.5–2 mm wide; perianth limb mostly glabrous; follicles wide, ±flattened across top
Leaves c. 0.8 mm wide; perianth limb pubescent all over; follicle valves with an enlarged, thin vertical ridge
Stems sparsely hirsute, soon glabrous; perianths soon falling
Stems tomentose; perianths persistent for some years
Perianth 17–27 mm long
Perianth 30–55 mm long
Common bracts 7–8 mm long; perianth limb 4 mm long; follicles 4–7 mm wide, hirsute
Common bracts 2.5–4 mm long; perianth limb 2–3 mm long; follicles 8–23 mm wide, ±flattened, closely pubescent becoming glabrous
Flowers pale yellow, the uppermost sometimes purplish; limb almost glabrous; follicles not sticky
All flowers violet, sometimes green at base, rarely yellowish; limb pubescent; follicles ±sticky, at least when young
Common and floral bracts white; new growth reddish pink
Common and floral bracts rusty brown; new growth rusty brown
Leaves commonly 1.8–2.8 mm wide
Leaves 1–1.5 mm wide (rarely wider)
Branchlets tomentose; leaves soft; common bracts 7–10 mm long; follicles commonly 6–10 mm long, with valves smooth but hirsute; lignotuber absent
Branchlets pubescent, soon glabrous; leaves ±stiff, pungent; common bracts 6–7 mm long; follicles 10–25 mm wide, with lateral shoulders, hirsute, glabrescent; lignotuber present
Inflorescence head-like, the axis compressed-ovoid, 5–30 mm long
Inflorescence cylindrical or spherical, the axis elongate, usually more than 3 cm long
Leaves obovate to cuneate, acutely dentate, deep green above
Leaves broadly linear, with many triangular dentate teeth, dull blue-green
Leaves 3–10 cm long; pistil 27–35 mm long
Leaves 1–4 cm long; pistil 19–25 mm long
Leaves shining green above; flowers 20–35 per head
Leaves dull green above; flowers 55–65 per head
Tepals awned
Tepals not awned
Perianth 58–65 mm long; style kinked below apex
Perianth 20–29 mm long; style not kinked
Perianth ferruginous; leaves ±regularly prominently serrate, undulate; follicles 4–6 mm wide
Perianth pale mauve to pink; leaves entire to sparsely serrate, ±flat; follicles 10–18 mm wide
Style prominently S-shaped below apex
Style straight or gently curved
Stems prostrate, rarely erect and then no more than 20 cm long
Stems erect or spreading, never all prostrate
Leaves dentate
Leaves pinnatipartite
Mature leaves white-tomentose below; perianth pink or reddish with cream limb
Mature leaves glabrous below except in stomatal pits; perianth ferruginous
Leaf teeth usually irregular; involucral bracts 2–4 cm long, long-hirsute
Leaf teeth regular; involucral bracts 1–3 cm long, tomentose or shortly hirsute
Stems underground; leaf lobes ±cuneate, obtusely dentate
Stems on surface, rarely underground; leaf lobes triangular, oblong or linear, entire
Leaves bluish green; perianth 28–32 mm long, reddish pink; claws loosely pubescent with short curled hairs
Leaves deep or pale green; perianth 17–30 mm long, ferruginous, or cream and pink; claws hirsute with spreading hairs
Leaves divided 1/2–3/4 of way to midrib; lobes 1–3 cm long (W.A., Collie to Ravensthorpe)
Leaves divided almost to midrib; lobes 3–8 cm long (W.A., Mogumber to Eneabba)
Perianth glabrous
Perianth hairy at least on claws
Inflorescence pendulous
Inflorescence erect
Leaf lobes ±obtuse, 1–3 mm long
Leaf lobes pungently acute, 4–10 mm long
Leaf margins ±recurved, with lobes 4–6 mm long with rounded sinuses; perianth deep pink to red in upper half
Leaf margins ±flat, with lobes 5–10 mm long with angular sinuses; perianth reddish pink in lower half, grading to cream, including limb
Leaves cuneate, 2–6 cm long, with a few obtuse teeth; perianth red-maroon where exposed, otherwise pale greenish yellow
Leaves broadly linear, 6–10 cm long, with many teeth; perianth yellow
Perianth 15–22 mm long; styles curled against axis after flowering
Perianth 35–43 mm long; styles remaining erect from axis, wiry
Style hairy at least in lowest third
Style glabrous or papillose (excluding any hairs on ovary)
Pistil 23–35 mm long
Pistil 40–50 mm long
Inflorescence pendulous
Inflorescence erect
Perianth pubescent outside, glabrous inside; follicles smooth, 2.5–5 cm high; leaves 15–40 cm long with flat margins
Perianth hirsute both sides; follicles warted, 15–20 mm high; leaves 5–16 cm long with recurved margins
Leaves with 4–7 lobes each side of midrib; margins flat
Leaves with 15–30 lobes each side of midrib; margins recurved
Leaves 4–10 cm wide, rarely narrower
Leaves commonly less than 3 cm wide
Leaves shortly dentate with many teeth
Leaves with large, triangular lobes
Leaves broadly oblong, cordate or obcordate, 3–9 cm long; perianth 30–32 mm long, villous outside; style scarlet, rarely orange or dark red; follicles 1–2 mm high
Leaves narrowly obovate or elliptic, 9–30 cm long; perianth 22–32 mm long, closely pubescent; style yellow or cream; follicles 3–8 mm high
Leaves undulate, white-tomentose below, with teeth ±irregular and 5–10 mm long; follicles opening within a year; (northern Australia)
Leaves ±flat, pale green-tomentose below, with teeth ±regular and 2–3 mm long; follicles remaining closed for several years or until burnt (Atherton to Wollongong)
Leaf lobes rounded; perianth brownish purple
Leaf lobes angular; perianth pale yellow or orange
Leaves 3–11 cm wide, pinnatisect with 8–12 lobes each side; perianth pale yellow; limb glabrous; follicles scarcely exserted from massive cone; old flowers soon falling
Leaves 2.5–4 cm wide, pinnatipartite with 16–20 lobes each side; perianth orange, tomentose throughout; follicles exserted from axis but hidden by persistent old flowers
Perianth white- or pink-villous, orange inside; style orange
Perianth pubescent, silky or hirsute, or if villous then not white or pink; style variously coloured
Leaves dentate, with teeth 1–2 mm long
Leaves triangular-lobed, with lobes 2–15 mm long
Leaves ascending, 6–16 cm long, 5–12 mm wide
Leaves spreading, 15–27 cm long, 10–40 mm wide
Leaf lobes 2–5 mm long; new leaves and involucral bracts pubescent to hirsute; old flowers soon falling
Leaf lobes 10–15 mm long; new leaves and involucral bracts woolly; old flowers persistent in fruit
Leaves usually entire
Leaves usually serrate or lobed
Leaves alternate
Leaves whorled
Leaves pungent, 2–5 cm long; follicles villous, glabrescent, most remaining closed for several years
Leaves acute to truncate or emarginate, 1.5–20 cm long; follicles closely tomentose or loosely hirsute, commonly opening when mature
Leaves narrowly elliptic, narrowly obovate or lanceolate, 10–20 cm long, acute or obtuse; perianth 22–29 mm long (Qld)
Leaves linear, oblong or narrowly cuneate, 3–6 cm long, commonly truncate or emarginate, sometimes obtuse, rarely acute; perianth 16–24 mm long (S.A., N.S.W., Vic., Tas.)
New growth pale rusty-pubescent; leaves with a row of short, stiff brown hairs each side of abaxial midrib; flowers pale yellow; follicles erect, 8–12 mm long (Townsville to Cooktown)
New growth red-velvety; leaves without short, stiff brown hairs each side of abaxial midrib; flowers commonly pale blue-grey to mauve in late bud, dull yellow after anthesis; follicles turned upwards, 12–16 mm long (Hinchinbrook Is. and adjacent mainland)
Involucral bracts 10–20 mm long; perianths persistent in fruit (south-eastern Qld and adjacent N.S.W.)
Involucral bracts 2–10 mm long; perianths soon falling
Perianth 19–22 mm long; follicles remaining closed for several years, with lip 2–3 mm wide (Vic., The Grampians and Wilsons Promontory)
Perianth 22–25 mm long; follicles opening within a year or so of anthesis, with lip 0.5–1.5 mm wide (widespread, eastern Australia from Mackay to Melbourne)
Flowers orange
Flowers other colours, not orange
Leaves 2–7 cm long; perianth limb densely hirsute
Leaves 10–30 cm long; perianth limb pubescent
Leaves 5–10 mm wide; lobes separated by shallow sinuses parallel to midrib; perianth pubescent outside, 20–24 mm long (W.A., Mullewa to Kulja)
Leaves 20–40 mm wide; lobes triangular with V- or U-shaped sinuses; perianth 26–34 mm long (North West Cape to Mullewa)
Perianth 29–45 mm long
Perianth 15–26 mm long
Perianth limb glabrous; follicles ±rugose
Perianth limb pubescent, silky, hirsute or tomentose; follicles not rugose
Inflorescence ±spherical; pistil straight; old flowers falling; follicles rare
Inflorescence cylindrical; pistil curved; old flowers persistent; follicles many
Perianth 32–38 mm long; limb 3–4 mm long; pollen presenter c. 0.75 mm long; common and floral bracts brown
Perianth 40–44 mm long; limb 4.5–5.5 mm long; pollen presenter 1.5–1.8 mm long; common and floral bracts green
At least some leaves more than 25 cm long, with widely spaced teeth (S
Leaves not or rarely more than 20 cm long, with closely spaced teeth
Leaves oblong, shallowly dentate; flowers various shades of red or pink, sometimes yellow or brown, soon falling; follicles mottled (W.A.)
Leaves narrowly elliptic to obovate, serrate; flowers creamy grey or greenish cream, persistent; follicles not mottled (eastern Australia)
Most leaves 3–10 cm long; perianth 30–35 mm long including limb of 3–4 mm (S.A., western Vic.)
Leaves commonly 10–20 cm long; perianth 35–45 mm long including limb of 5–8 mm (south-eastern Qld to eastern Vic.)
Leaves commonly 2–4 cm wide; pollen presenter fusiform with thickened base, 2–3 mm long
Leaves commonly 1–2 cm wide; pollen presenter clavate-conical, 1 mm long
Leaf margins recurved; inflorescence cylindrical (eastern Australia; B. canei rarely naturalised in W.A.)
Leaf margins ±flat; inflorescence spherical (W.A.)
Leaves obovate, narrowly obovate, oblong, elliptic or lanceolate
Leaves linear to narrowly oblong
Flowers openly arranged in inflorescence; perianth 15–18 mm long
Flowers closely arranged in inflorescence; perianth 20–26 mm long
Leaves whorled; branchlets villous, glabrescent within a year; common bracts penicillate (Blue Mtns)
Leaves alternate; branchlets remaining closely tomentose for 2–3 years; common bracts not penicillate
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly obovate, coarsely lobed to entire; follicles upturned; valves obliquely triangular (Qld, Hinchinbrook Is. and adjacent mainland)
Leaves oblong to obovate-oblong, commonly all finely serrate; follicles erect; valves semicircular (Bundaberg, Qld, to Ulladulla, N.S.W.)
Leaves pungent; perianths soon falling; most follicles remaining closed for several years
Leaves truncate to acute; perianths commonly persistent; follicles usually opening within a year of anthesis