1	"Heads (i.e. whole inflorescence) forming burrs in fruit, or spiny and borne sessile in axils of leaves along stems."	2
1	"Heads not forming burrs in fruit or if with stiff barbed bristles then borne in terminal heads."	28
2	"Fruit (i.e. achenes plus fused involucral bracts) spiny or burrs, in axils of leaves along stems (flower heads sometimes in spike-like inflorescences)."	3
2	"Achenes not inside a fused fruit-like structure (sometimes enfolded by a conduplicate, unfused bract or scale); flower head not forming a burr, if spiny or with barbed hairs then borne in terminal heads."	5
3	"Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above; fruit consisting of 1 ray achene enveloped by one of the modified inner involucral bracts; 1–several borne on the common receptacle, within the outer involucral bracts."	Acanthospermum
3	"All leaves spirally arranged or in basal rosette; all the involucral bracts united to form a hard burr or nut enclosing 1 or more achenes; 1–several fruits borne in the leaf axils."	4
4	"Leaves entire, toothed, or if lobed then fruits covered with recurved spines."	Xanthium
4	"Leaves deeply divided."	Ambrosia
5	"Bracts and whole plant covered with glandular hairs."	6
5	"Bracts and whole plant without glands."	7
6	"Leaves linear, opposite below, alternate above."	Madia
6	"Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, opposite."	Sigesbeckia
7	"Corolla of outer florets longer than 8 mm."	8
7	"Corolla of outer florets up to 5 mm long."	18
8	"Leaves entire, toothed, or shallowly lobed."	9
8	"Leaves, at least lower ones, deeply lobed."	16
9	"Leaves sessile and usually clasping stem."	10
9	"Leaves petiolate or constricted towards base and not clasping stem."	11
10	"Leaves usually entire; involucral bracts in at least 3 rows."	Zinnia
10	"Leaves usually toothed; involucral bracts in 2 rows."	Guizotia
11	"Pappus of many hairs."	12
11	"Pappus of few hairs, absent, or otherwise."	13
12	"Plants prostrate."	Tridax
12	"Plants erect shrubs or subshrubs."	Olearia
13	"Achenes winged."	Verbesina
13	"Achenes angled or compressed but without wings."	14
14	"Receptacle conical."	Acmella
14	"Receptacle flat or convex."	15
15	"Heads in groups of 3; leaves ovate to rhombic, toothed."	Melanthera
15	"Heads solitary; leaves narrow-lanceolate, more or less entire to toothed or minutely lobed."	Wedelia
16	"Lobes of leaves up to 2 mm wide."	Cosmos
16	"Lobes 4–50 mm wide."	17
17	"Shrubs 1–4 m high; ligules of florets white."	Montanoa
17	"Subshrubs less than 1 m high; ligules of florets yellow."	Coreopsis
18	"Receptacle naked."	19
18	"Receptacle with scales or chaffy."	20
19	"Involucral bracts in 1 row and fused; plant with pungent smell."	Tagetes
19	"Involucral bracts in several rows, free."	Schkuhria
20	"Pappus consisting of bristles or scales."	21
20	"Pappus absent, rarely a cup, very short hairs or scales."	22
21	"Leaves pinnately divided."	Bidens
21	"Leaves entire or toothed."	Galinsoga
22	"Bracts covered with stalked glands."	Sigesbeckia
22	"Bracts without glands."	23
23	"Tubular florets sterile; involucral bracts in 1 row or if in 2 rows then outer row with 2–5 bracts."	24
23	"All florets fertile; involucral bracts numerous, in 2 or more rows."	26
24	"Leaves opposite; plants aquatic to semi-aquatic with soft creeping stems rooting at the nodes."	Enydra
24	"Leaves alternate (lower ones often opposite) or clustered; lacking the above combination of features."	25
25	"Involucral bracts enfolding the ray achenes, with shortly spiny tips, sparsely hairy."	Hemizonia
25	"Involucral bracts not enfolding the ray achenes, with membranous margins, woolly."	Eriocephalus
26	"Receptacle conical."	Acmella
26	"Receptacle flat or slightly convex."	27
27	"Outer achenes triangular in section, inner ones compressed."	Eclipta
27	"All achenes in flower head similar."	Wedelia
28	"Flower heads with all florets ligulate (not including petaloid stigmas that sometimes look like ligules); with milky latex."	29
28	"Flower heads with all florets tubular or some florets ligulate and some tubular; lacking milky latex."	52
29	"Florets blue or violet, rarely white."	30
29	"Florets yellow."	31
30	"Pappus of feathery hairs."	Tragopogon
30	"Pappus of minute scales."	Cichorium
31	"Receptacle of flower head with scales."	32
31	"Receptacle naked."	33
32	"Stems with spiny wings; plants spiny."	Scolymus
32	"Stems without wings; soft herbs."	Hypochaeris
33	"Involucral bracts in 1 whorl."	34
33	"Involucral bracts in more than 1 whorl and often with much smaller ones at base of flower head."	35
34	"Pappus feathery."	Urospermum
34	"Pappus scaly or bristle-like."	Hedypnois
35	"All leaves in basal rosette."	36
35	"Leaves basal and/or on erect stem (cauline leaves often much smaller)."	39
36	"All, or most achenes with a filiform beak longer than the fertile portion; scaly-muricate or muricate-spinulose in upper part."	Taraxacum
36	"Achenes lacking filiform beak or beak not filiform and less than half the length of the fertile portion."	37
37	"Pappus of free scarious scales with acuminate apices produced into barbellate bristles."	Microseris
37	"Pappus of numerous plumose or barbellate bristles."	38
38	"Bristles barbellate; pappus of inner and outer achenes similar."	Youngia
38	"Bristles plumose; pappus of inner and outer achenes frequently dissimilar."	Leontodon
39	"Achenes drawn into long neck."	40
39	"Achenes abruptly truncated at apex."	44
40	"Pappus hairs feathery."	41
40	"Pappus hairs simple."	42
41	"Achenes tapered at apex or more or less truncate; hairs 2-fid, base not expanded."	Picris
41	"Achenes abruptly narrowed at apex into a filiform beak; hairs 3–5-fid, base expanded."	Helminthotheca
42	"Achenes strongly compressed."	Lactuca
42	"Achenes not compressed."	43
43	"Achenes with at least 1 ring of teeth below beak."	Chondrilla
43	"Achenes without ring of teeth."	Crepis
44	"All achenes laterally compressed."	45
44	"Achenes not laterally compressed, or sometimes the outer ones dorsiventrally compressed."	46
45	"Achenes elliptic in outline, both ends narrowed, sometimes cylindrical, margins wingless or narrow-winged; ribs never raised to form small wings."	Sonchus
45	"Achenes flask-shaped in outline, constricted at the apex, margins with broad flat wings; ribs may be raised to form smaller secondary wings."	Actites
46	"Pappus hairs feathery."	47
46	"Pappus hairs simple or absent."	48
47	"Achenes with a pale thickened hollow base c. a third as long as achene."	Scorzonera
47	"Achenes not thickened at base."	Picris
48	"Pappus absent, achenes with 20 ribs."	Lapsana
48	"Pappus present, rarely absent and then achenes with 4 ribs."	49
49	"Achenes with 6 to several ribs."	50
49	"Achenes rough and 4-ribbed."	51
50	"Involucral bracts and upper peduncle with glandular hairs."	Crepis
50	"Involucral bracts and upper peduncle glabrous."	Youngia
51	"Pappus scale-like broadened at the base."	Tolpis
51	"Pappus fine silky hairs."	Reichardia
52	"All florets tubular and/or some filiform, or if some ligulate then ligules less than 3 mm long (involucral bracts sometimes coloured and resembling ligules or sometimes lobes of corolla long and resembling ligules)."	53
52	"Outer florets with ligules more than 3 mm long."	271
53	"Receptacle bearing inner tubular florets with scales or bristles; leaves usually spinose (thistles); styles with tuft of hairs below stigma branches."	54
53	"Receptacle glabrous or if with scales then leaves not spinose; styles glabrous."	65
54	"Flower heads with 1 floret, grouped into globose (compound) heads."	Echinops
54	"Flower heads usually with many florets, not grouped into compound heads."	55
55	"Receptacle of flower head glabrous."	Onopordum
55	"Receptacle with scales or bristles."	56
56	"Receptacle with scales."	57
56	"Receptacle with bristles."	59
57	"Achenes more or less cylindrical and ribbed."	Hemisteptia
57	"Achenes compressed or flat."	58
58	"Involucral bracts with spreading spines."	Cirsium
58	"Involucral bracts without spines and recurved or hooked."	Arctium
59	"Involucral bracts loose and leaf-like."	Carthamus
59	"Involucral bracts scale-like and more or less appressed."	60
60	"Achenes obliquely attached to receptacle."	Centaurea
60	"Achenes vertically attached to receptacle."	61
61	"Leaves white-veined or variegated above; achenes compressed; anther filaments joined into a tube which encloses the basal appendages of the anthers."	Silybum
61	"Leaves usually uniformly coloured above; achenes terete, sometimes ribbed; anther filaments free."	62
62	"Pappus 2 rows of bristles; the outer long and scabrous, the inner much shorter (less than half as long) and ciliate."	Cnicus
62	"Pappus not composed of 2 rows of bristles of markedly differing length."	63
63	"Involucral bracts not ending in spines."	Rhaponticum
63	"Involucral bracts ending in spines."	64
64	"Pappus hairs simple."	Carduus
64	"Pappus hairs feathery."	Cynara
65	"Leaves opposite, at least lower ones."	66
65	"Leaves alternately arranged and/or in basal rosette."	116
66	"Leaves opposite at least at base, rarely in whorls."	67
66	"Leaves alternately arranged and/or radical."	108
67	"Flower heads compound."	68
67	"Flower heads simple."	89
68	"Leaves opposite; dichotomously branching (repeatedly branching from below terminal inflorescence)."	Flaveria
68	"Leaves all or mostly alternate, or crowded."	69
69	"Leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; margins spinose."	Echinops
69	"Leaves with margins toothed or entire, margins not spinose."	70
70	"Branches with herbaceous wings extending from leaf bases down the internode; leaves mostly toothed."	Pterocaulon
70	"Branches not winged; leaves entire."	71
71	"Common involucre surrounding the compound head of numerous scarious, opaque white or yellow bracts."	Myriocephalus
71	"Common involucre of few green leaves, scales or absent."	72
72	"Heads with 2 types of florets (tubular and more or less filiform)."	73
72	"Heads with 1 type of floret."	75
73	"Leaves spathulate with petiole usually distinctly longer than the broad-circular to broad-obovate lamina."	Stuartina
73	"Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate."	74
74	"Plants with erect stems."	Gnaphalium
74	"Plants stemless."	Isoetopsis
75	"Inflorescence sessile at ground level, usually in a rosette of leaves."	76
75	"Inflorescence terminal on aerial stems or scapes."	77
76	"Pappus of 4 or 5 stiff bristles fused at the base."	Actinobole
76	"Pappus absent."	Chthonocephalus
77	"Pappus absent."	78
77	"Pappus present."	84
78	"Corolla hairy; common involucre absent; florets 20–40 per individual head."	Eriochlamys
78	"Corolla lacking hairs; common involucre present; florets 1 or 2 per head."	79
79	"Involucral bracts papillate at tips; leaves hairy at the base only."	Pogonolepis
79	"Involucral bracts not papillate at tips; leaves usually densely hairy."	80
80	"Pappus of 8–12 subplumose bristles, united at the base for about half the length of corolla tube. Plants prostrate, with reddish, somewhat wiry stems terminating in very woolly compound heads."	Lemooria
80	"Pappus absent or not as above; plants lacking the above combination of features."	81
81	"General receptacle with long bristles."	Trichanthodium
81	"General receptacle glabrous."	82
82	"Achenes with dense, entwined hairs."	Gnephosis
82	"Achenes papillose, glabrous."	83
83	"Bracts subtending heads more or less similar to involucral bracts (except sometimes more concave); achenes brown."	Angianthus
83	"Bracts subtending heads unlike involucral bracts; achenes pink or purple."	Gnephosis
84	"Achenes tapering to long terminal beak."	Waitzia
84	"Achenes otherwise."	85
85	"Pappus much shorter than the corolla."	Gnephosis
85	"Pappus more or less equal in length to corolla."	86
86	"Achenes glabrous to papillose."	Calocephalus
86	"Achenes hairy."	87
87	"Inflorescence branching, heads and branches subtended by large cordate leaves or bracts that ± enclose the head."	Elephantopus
87	"Inflorescence simple, rarely branching from within the heads; heads with or without small enclosing bracts that in no way envelope the heads."	88
88	"Heads pedunculate within the compound head; bracts and pappus hairs white (or bracts brown-tinged)."	Craspedia
88	"Heads sessile within the compound head; bracts and pappus hairs yellow."	Pycnosorus
89	"Leaves lobed to deeply divided."	90
89	"Leaves entire or toothed."	94
90	"Pappus absent; water plant with soft branches; involucral bracts 4 and free."	Enydra
90	"Pappus hair-like or with bristles or scales; not a water plant; involucral bracts more than 4 or fused."	91
91	"Upper leaves clasping stem; pappus of fine hairs."	Emilia
91	"All leaves not clasping; pappus of few bristles or of scales."	92
92	"Involucral bracts fused into tube; plant with pungent smell."	Tagetes
92	"Involucral bracts free; plants usually odourless."	93
93	"Pappus of 2–4 stiff, barbed awns; receptacle scales present, but not persistent."	Bidens
93	"Pappus of 8–10 membranous scales (sometimes darkly striated at the apex); receptacle scales absent."	Schkuhria
94	"Achenes narrow-cylindrical with a long straight or curved beak; outer florets strongly decurved and overhanging involucre."	Millotia
94	"Achenes and florets lacking the above combination of characters."	95
95	"Pappus absent or very small."	96
95	"Pappus at least half as long as achenes or gland-tipped."	100
96	"Flower head covered with glandular hairs."	97
96	"Flower heads without glands."	98
97	"Style branches slightly exserted but not petaloid; ray florets with very small ligules; receptacle with somewhat persistent scales."	Sigesbeckia
97	"Style branches long-exserted and petal-like; all florets tubular; receptacle naked."	Gymnocoronis
98	"Achenes flat with involute herbaceous wings with large incurved appendages at the apex; small annual herbs."	Ceratogyne
98	"Achenes lacking involute wings with apical appendages; large annual to perennial herbs."	99
99	"Receptacle naked (occasionally with innermost involucral bracts scale-like or scales sporadic); all florets tubular; inconspicuous pappus present."	Ageratum
99	"Receptacle with scales; ray florets shortly ligulate; pappus absent."	Enydra
100	"Involucral bracts fused at base and with glandular hairs; flower heads with 4 or 5 florets."	Stevia
100	"Involucral bracts not as above; flower heads with numerous florets."	101
101	"Involucral bracts membranous."	102
101	"Involucral bracts herbaceous sometimes with membranous margins."	103
102	"All florets bisexual."	Rutidosis
102	"Few outer florets female."	Helichrysum
103	"Pappus hairs gland-tipped."	Adenostemma
103	"Pappus without glands."	104
104	"Leaves linear to oblong, entire."	105
104	"Leaves lanceolate to ovate, toothed."	106
105	"Involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate."	Glossocardia
105	"Involucral bracts broad."	Acmella
106	"Pappus of 5 or more fragile bristles, soon falling from the achene."	Ageratina
106	"Pappus of scales, awns or rudimentary."	107
107	"Pappus of scales, usually with awns."	Ageratum
107	"Pappus 2–4 stiff, retrorsely barbed awns."	Bidens
108	"Pappus purplish-mauve."	Erechtites
108	"Pappus white or almost so."	109
109	"Florets orange to deep red or purple at least at top."	110
109	"Florets yellow to white."	111
110	"Leaves clasping upper stems."	Emilia
110	"Leaves not clasping stems."	Crassocephalum
111	"Marginal florets sterile."	Arrhenechthites
111	"Marginal florets fertile."	112
112	"Achenes narrow-cylindrical with a long straight or curved beak; outer florets strongly decurved and overhanging involucre."	Millotia
112	"Achenes and florets lacking the above combination of characters."	113
113	"Outer achenes flattened."	Cineraria
113	"Outer achenes not flattened."	114
114	"Plants scandent semi-succulent twiners or trailers."	Delairea
114	"Plants erect or decumbent, occasionally prostrate but never scandent, twining nor diffuse."	115
115	"Annual to perennial herbs, or shrubs with ligulate ray florets."	Senecio
115	"Shrubs or small trees, florets all tubular."	Bedfordia
116	"Involucral bracts in 1 whorl, rarely with a few much shorter ones at base; usually fused, although sometimes only at the base; flower heads simple."	117
116	"Involucral bracts in 2 or more whorls and free, or with compound flower heads."	167
117	"Leaves opposite at least at base, rarely in whorls."	118
117	"Leaves alternately arranged and/or radical."	159
118	"Flower heads compound."	119
118	"Flower heads simple."	140
119	"Leaves opposite; dichotomously branching (repeatedly branching from below terminal inflorescence)."	Flaveria
119	"Leaves all or mostly alternate, or crowded."	120
120	"Leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; margins spinose."	Echinops
120	"Leaves with margins toothed or entire, margins not spinose."	121
121	"Branches with herbaceous wings extending from leaf bases down the internode; leaves mostly toothed."	Pterocaulon
121	"Branches not winged; leaves entire."	122
122	"Common involucre surrounding the compound head of numerous scarious, opaque white or yellow bracts."	Myriocephalus
122	"Common involucre of few green leaves, scales or absent."	123
123	"Heads with 2 types of florets (tubular and more or less filiform)."	124
123	"Heads with 1 type of floret."	126
124	"Leaves spathulate with petiole usually distinctly longer than the broad-circular to broad-obovate lamina."	Stuartina
124	"Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate."	125
125	"Plants with erect stems."	Gnaphalium
125	"Plants stemless."	Isoetopsis
126	"Inflorescence sessile at ground level, usually in a rosette of leaves."	127
126	"Inflorescence terminal on aerial stems or scapes."	128
127	"Pappus of 4 or 5 stiff bristles fused at the base."	Actinobole
127	"Pappus absent."	Chthonocephalus
128	"Pappus absent."	129
128	"Pappus present."	135
129	"Corolla hairy; common involucre absent; florets 20–40 per individual head."	Eriochlamys
129	"Corolla lacking hairs; common involucre present; florets 1 or 2 per head."	130
130	"Involucral bracts papillate at tips; leaves hairy at the base only."	Pogonolepis
130	"Involucral bracts not papillate at tips; leaves usually densely hairy."	131
131	"Pappus of 8–12 subplumose bristles, united at the base for about half the length of corolla tube. Plants prostrate, with reddish, somewhat wiry stems terminating in very woolly compound heads."	Lemooria
131	"Pappus absent or not as above; plants lacking the above combination of features."	132
132	"General receptacle with long bristles."	Trichanthodium
132	"General receptacle glabrous."	133
133	"Achenes with dense, entwined hairs."	Gnephosis
133	"Achenes papillose, glabrous."	134
134	"Bracts subtending heads more or less similar to involucral bracts (except sometimes more concave); achenes brown."	Angianthus
134	"Bracts subtending heads unlike involucral bracts; achenes pink or purple."	Gnephosis
135	"Achenes tapering to long terminal beak."	Waitzia
135	"Achenes otherwise."	136
136	"Pappus much shorter than the corolla."	Gnephosis
136	"Pappus more or less equal in length to corolla."	137
137	"Achenes glabrous to papillose."	Calocephalus
137	"Achenes hairy."	138
138	"Inflorescence branching, heads and branches subtended by large cordate leaves or bracts that ± enclose the head."	Elephantopus
138	"Inflorescence simple, rarely branching from within the heads; heads with or without small enclosing bracts that in no way envelope the heads."	139
139	"Heads pedunculate within the compound head; bracts and pappus hairs white (or bracts brown-tinged)."	Craspedia
139	"Heads sessile within the compound head; bracts and pappus hairs yellow."	Pycnosorus
140	"Leaves lobed to deeply divided."	141
140	"Leaves entire or toothed."	145
141	"Pappus absent; water plant with soft branches; involucral bracts 4 and free."	Enydra
141	"Pappus hair-like or with bristles or scales; not a water plant; involucral bracts more than 4 or fused."	142
142	"Upper leaves clasping stem; pappus of fine hairs."	Emilia
142	"All leaves not clasping; pappus of few bristles or of scales."	143
143	"Involucral bracts fused into tube; plant with pungent smell."	Tagetes
143	"Involucral bracts free; plants usually odourless."	144
144	"Pappus of 2–4 stiff, barbed awns; receptacle scales present, but not persistent."	Bidens
144	"Pappus of 8–10 membranous scales (sometimes darkly striated at the apex); receptacle scales absent."	Schkuhria
145	"Achenes narrow-cylindrical with a long straight or curved beak; outer florets strongly decurved and overhanging involucre."	Millotia
145	"Achenes and florets lacking the above combination of characters."	146
146	"Pappus absent or very small."	147
146	"Pappus at least half as long as achenes or gland-tipped."	151
147	"Flower head covered with glandular hairs."	148
147	"Flower heads without glands."	149
148	"Style branches slightly exserted but not petaloid; ray florets with very small ligules; receptacle with somewhat persistent scales."	Sigesbeckia
148	"Style branches long-exserted and petal-like; all florets tubular; receptacle naked."	Gymnocoronis
149	"Achenes flat with involute herbaceous wings with large incurved appendages at the apex; small annual herbs."	Ceratogyne
149	"Achenes lacking involute wings with apical appendages; large annual to perennial herbs."	150
150	"Receptacle naked (occasionally with innermost involucral bracts scale-like or scales sporadic); all florets tubular; inconspicuous pappus present."	Ageratum
150	"Receptacle with scales; ray florets shortly ligulate; pappus absent."	Enydra
151	"Involucral bracts fused at base and with glandular hairs; flower heads with 4 or 5 florets."	Stevia
151	"Involucral bracts not as above; flower heads with numerous florets."	152
152	"Involucral bracts membranous."	153
152	"Involucral bracts herbaceous sometimes with membranous margins."	154
153	"All florets bisexual."	Rutidosis
153	"Few outer florets female."	Helichrysum
154	"Pappus hairs gland-tipped."	Adenostemma
154	"Pappus without glands."	155
155	"Leaves linear to oblong, entire."	156
155	"Leaves lanceolate to ovate, toothed."	157
156	"Involucral bracts linear to linear-lanceolate."	Glossocardia
156	"Involucral bracts broad."	Acmella
157	"Pappus of 5 or more fragile bristles, soon falling from the achene."	Ageratina
157	"Pappus of scales, awns or rudimentary."	158
158	"Pappus of scales, usually with awns."	Ageratum
158	"Pappus 2–4 stiff, retrorsely barbed awns."	Bidens
159	"Pappus purplish-mauve."	Erechtites
159	"Pappus white or almost so."	160
160	"Florets orange to deep red or purple at least at top."	161
160	"Florets yellow to white."	162
161	"Leaves clasping upper stems."	Emilia
161	"Leaves not clasping stems."	Crassocephalum
162	"Marginal florets sterile."	Arrhenechthites
162	"Marginal florets fertile."	163
163	"Achenes narrow-cylindrical with a long straight or curved beak; outer florets strongly decurved and overhanging involucre."	Millotia
163	"Achenes and florets lacking the above combination of characters."	164
164	"Outer achenes flattened."	Cineraria
164	"Outer achenes not flattened."	165
165	"Plants scandent semi-succulent twiners or trailers."	Delairea
165	"Plants erect or decumbent, occasionally prostrate but never scandent, twining nor diffuse."	166
166	"Annual to perennial herbs, or shrubs with ligulate ray florets."	Senecio
166	"Shrubs or small trees, florets all tubular."	Bedfordia
167	"Flower heads clustered into compound heads with scales or leaves more or less densely arranged around it, rarely without."	168
167	"Flower heads solitary and/or stalked."	189
168	"Leaves opposite; dichotomously branching (repeatedly branching from below terminal inflorescence)."	Flaveria
168	"Leaves all or mostly alternate, or crowded."	169
169	"Leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; margins spinose."	Echinops
169	"Leaves with margins toothed or entire, margins not spinose."	170
170	"Branches with herbaceous wings extending from leaf bases down the internode; leaves mostly toothed."	Pterocaulon
170	"Branches not winged; leaves entire."	171
171	"Common involucre surrounding the compound head of numerous scarious, opaque white or yellow bracts."	Myriocephalus
171	"Common involucre of few green leaves, scales or absent."	172
172	"Heads with 2 types of florets (tubular and more or less filiform)."	173
172	"Heads with 1 type of floret."	175
173	"Leaves spathulate with petiole usually distinctly longer than the broad-circular to broad-obovate lamina."	Stuartina
173	"Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate."	174
174	"Plants with erect stems."	Gnaphalium
174	"Plants stemless."	Isoetopsis
175	"Inflorescence sessile at ground level, usually in a rosette of leaves."	176
175	"Inflorescence terminal on aerial stems or scapes."	177
176	"Pappus of 4 or 5 stiff bristles fused at the base."	Actinobole
176	"Pappus absent."	Chthonocephalus
177	"Pappus absent."	178
177	"Pappus present."	184
178	"Corolla hairy; common involucre absent; florets 20–40 per individual head."	Eriochlamys
178	"Corolla lacking hairs; common involucre present; florets 1 or 2 per head."	179
179	"Involucral bracts papillate at tips; leaves hairy at the base only."	Pogonolepis
179	"Involucral bracts not papillate at tips; leaves usually densely hairy."	180
180	"Pappus of 8–12 subplumose bristles, united at the base for about half the length of corolla tube. Plants prostrate, with reddish, somewhat wiry stems terminating in very woolly compound heads."	Lemooria
180	"Pappus absent or not as above; plants lacking the above combination of features."	181
181	"General receptacle with long bristles."	Trichanthodium
181	"General receptacle glabrous."	182
182	"Achenes with dense, entwined hairs."	Gnephosis
182	"Achenes papillose, glabrous."	183
183	"Bracts subtending heads more or less similar to involucral bracts (except sometimes more concave); achenes brown."	Angianthus
183	"Bracts subtending heads unlike involucral bracts; achenes pink or purple."	Gnephosis
184	"Achenes tapering to long terminal beak."	Waitzia
184	"Achenes otherwise."	185
185	"Pappus much shorter than the corolla."	Gnephosis
185	"Pappus more or less equal in length to corolla."	186
186	"Achenes glabrous to papillose."	Calocephalus
186	"Achenes hairy."	187
187	"Inflorescence branching, heads and branches subtended by large cordate leaves or bracts that ± enclose the head."	Elephantopus
187	"Inflorescence simple, rarely branching from within the heads; heads with or without small enclosing bracts that in no way envelope the heads."	188
188	"Heads pedunculate within the compound head; bracts and pappus hairs white (or bracts brown-tinged)."	Craspedia
188	"Heads sessile within the compound head; bracts and pappus hairs yellow."	Pycnosorus
189	"Pappus absent or reduced to a vestigial scarious cup."	190
189	"Pappus of bristles or scales at least subequal to the achene."	219
190	"Leaves entire or toothed."	191
190	"Leaves deeply divided and pinnatifid."	213
191	"Achenes drawn into a terminal beak."	192
191	"Achenes more or less abruptly truncated at apex."	195
192	"Rosette forming perennial."	193
192	"Erect or low-growing annual, biennial or perennial."	194
193	"Ray florets with small but well-developed ligules; beak of achenes well-developed, often densely glandular, apex with a thickened pale collar."	Lagenophora
193	"Ray florets with ligules rudimentary or absent; beak of achenes rudimentary or absent, glands lacking or rarely with a few near the apex, thickened apical collar absent."	Solenogyne
194	"Achenes with short beaks (less than a quarter the length of achene), glandular near apex; erect herb 30–60 cm high, flower heads nodding."	Carpesium
194	"Achenes with long beaks (more than half the length of achene), woolly near apex; small more or less prostrate herb with stems 1–4 cm long, flower heads erect."	Millotia
195	"Florets blue to purple."	196
195	"Florets yellow or white to light green, sometimes tinged red."	197
196	"Achenes usually 4-angled or ribbed; glandular, with thickened apical ring resembling pappus."	Ethulia
196	"Achenes 8 to 10 ribs; non-glandular, pappus of bristles (often caducous)."	Centratherum
197	"Receptacle with scales; flower head usually surrounded by numerous white, papery involucral bracts 5–10 mm long."	Ammobium
197	"Receptacle naked; flower head, if surrounded by white involucral bracts, with a pappus of non-persistent bristles."	198
198	"All florets tubular to campanulate."	199
198	"Outer florets reduced, filiform or with a small ligule; differing in shape from the inner florets."	205
199	"Achenes dark brown to black, tuberculate; herb to c. 60 cm high, more or less woolly."	Acomis
199	"Achenes not dark brown to black, nor tuberculate; habit various."	200
200	"Involucral bracts multiseriate."	201
200	"Involucral bracts in 2 rows."	202
201	"Shrubs; glabrous to minutely glandular hairy, viscid; involucral bracts pale golden brown to straw-coloured."	Haeckeria
201	"Biennial herbs; more or less woolly, aromatic; involucral bracts pale brown tinged with pink, occasionally almost colourless."	Calomeria
202	"Annual herbs with wiry stems; corolla woolly at base, glandular near apex."	Eriochlamys
202	"Annual or perennial herbs lacking wiry stems; corolla glabrous and non-glandular."	203
203	"Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; outer florets tubular, inner ones campanulate."	Dichrocephala
203	"Leaves entire to pinnate; florets tubular."	204
204	"Achenes pedicellate, dimorphic; outer glandular-hairy, winged; inner sparsely glandular-hairy, with narrow marginal ridge."	Cotula
204	"Achenes non-pedicellate; outer glabrous, not winged; inner failing to develop."	Abrotanella
205	"Pappus of bristle-like hairs present when flowering, caducous at achenes maturity."	206
205	"Pappus absent or minute throughout floral development."	207
206	"Achenes sparsely to densely hairy; involucral bracts never clawed, herbaceous with scarious margins."	Blumea
206	"Achenes glabrous; involucral bracts with scarious claw, inner bracts with white or coloured lamina."	Hyalosperma
207	"Flower heads sessile; achenes with spines (2 ciliate horns) at apex."	Ceratogyne
207	"Flower heads on a distinct stalk; if sessile, achenes without horns."	208
208	"All leaves in a basal rosette."	209
208	"Leaves along erect or creeping stems and at base."	210
209	"Ray florets with small but well-developed ligules; beak of achenes well-developed, often densely glandular, apex with a thickened pale collar."	Lagenophora
209	"Ray florets with ligules rudimentary or absent; beak of achenes rudimentary or absent, glands lacking or rarely with a few near the apex, thickened apical collar absent."	Solenogyne
210	"Flower heads solitary on terminal peduncles."	Cotula
210	"Flower heads either in terminal panicles, racemes or axillary and almost sessile."	211
211	"Ray florets with small, deeply 3-lobed, yellow ligules."	Madia
211	"Ray florets tubular to filiform."	212
212	"Achenes with 3–5 obtuse ribs which frequently fail to extend to the apex, usually pubescent."	Centipeda
212	"Achenes with 8–10 fine ribs reaching to the apex, glabrous except for a few bristles at the base."	Epaltes
213	"Shrub with persistent woody stems."	Artemisia
213	"Annual or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs with a short woody base."	214
214	"Flower heads sessile among the leaves; achenes with 1 or more apical spines."	Soliva
214	"Flower heads pedunculate; achenes spineless."	215
215	"Flower heads numerous in dense compound corymbs or large terminal panicles."	216
215	"Flower heads solitary or in corymbs of 2 or 3."	217
216	"Receptacle scales absent."	Tanacetum
216	"Receptacle scales present."	Parthenium
217	"Florets sessile on the receptacle, which appears slightly pitted when the achenes have fallen; plants erect to ascending."	Matricaria
217	"Florets raised above the receptacle on minute pedicels which persist when the achenes have fallen, plants erect; or florets sessile, plants creeping."	218
218	"Disc florets usually fertile, style bifid; achenes with blunt uniseriate hairs on surface; plants usually erect or decumbent."	Cotula
218	"Disc florets sterile, style ending in circular disc; achenes glabrous; plants usually prostrate creeping herbs rooting at the nodes."	Leptinella
219	"Plants dioecious (i.e. individual plants with flower heads containing either male or female florets)."	220
219	"Plants monoecious (i.e. flower heads usually with some bisexual flowers or male and female flowers on same plant)."	223
220	"Plants low-growing soft herbs."	221
220	"Plants shrubs or undershrubs with persistent woody stems."	222
221	"Achenes glabrous, dimorphic; pappus persistent; outer involucral bracts scarious."	Parantennaria
221	"Achenes with appressed hairs; pappus not persistent; outer involucral bracts papery white at tip."	Ewartia
222	"Flower heads terminal, solitary; leaves sessile."	Cratystylis
222	"Flower heads in panicles; leaves petiolate."	Baccharis
223	"Leaves crowded, spathulate, indented at apex and clasping stem."	Facelis
223	"Leaves not as above."	224
224	"Pappus a cup or scales; margin of scales sometimes hair-like and feathery."	225
224	"Pappus of simple, barbed or feathery bristles."	229
225	"Receptacle scales present."	Ammobium
225	"Receptacle scales absent."	226
226	"Achenes densely hairy."	227
226	"Achenes glabrous or with short globose hairs."	228
227	"Tufted herb; flower heads basal, sessile, densely crowded amongst long linear leaves."	Isoetopsis
227	"Decumbent to ascending herb; flower heads terminal, pedunculate, overtopping short linear leaves."	Elachanthus
228	"Leaves deeply dissected to pinnate; ray floret ligulate, solitary, yellow; pappus scales darkly striated at apex."	Schkuhria
228	"Leaves entire; ray florets absent; pappus scales not darkly striated at apex."	Rutidosis
229	"Shrubs with persistent woody stems."	230
229	"Annual or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs with a short woody base."	234
230	"Branches spine-tipped."	Acanthocladium
230	"Branches not spine-tipped."	231
231	"Flower heads with outer fertile female florets surrounding bisexual or functionally male florets."	232
231	"Flower heads with all florets similar."	233
232	"Female florets uniseriate; inner florets fertile, producing achenes."	Olearia
232	"Female florets multiseriate; inner florets functionally male, not producing achenes."	Pluchea
233	"Tips of involucral bracts straight to incurved; receptacle with scales."	Cassinia
233	"Tips of involucral bracts spreading; receptacle lacking scales."	Ozothamnus
234	"Ray florets with small ligules."	235
234	"Ray florets absent or lacking ligules."	244
235	"Outer involucral bracts sessile; inner bracts with scarious lamina on longer more or less herbaceous to hardened claws."	Podolepis
235	"Outer involucral bracts not differing markedly from the inner ones; inner bracts lacking claws."	236
236	"Ligules and disc florets all yellow."	237
236	"Ligules white to blue, purple or pink; disc florets usually a contrasting colour, typically yellow or violet."	239
237	"Dwarf shrub with terete more or less succulent leaves."	Kippistia
237	"Herbs with flat non-succulent leaves."	238
238	"Annual, sticky and aromatic due to glandular hairs; anthers tailed at the base."	Solidago
238	"Perennial with rhizomes, non-glandular; anthers obtuse at the base."	Dittrichia
239	"Achenes with long neck."	Ixiochlamys
239	"Achenes lacking a long neck."	240
240	"Disc florets sterile, producing abortive achenes."	Minuria
240	"Disc florets fertile."	241
241	"Involucral bracts a dark purple-brown, with white margins."	Dichromochlamys
241	"Involucral bracts green."	242
242	"Flower heads numerous in panicles."	Conyza
242	"Flower heads solitary or in loose groups of 2–4."	243
243	"Involucral bracts reflexed in fruit; disc florets yellow; achenes flattened."	Erigeron
243	"Involucral bracts not reflexed in fruit; disc florets purple; achenes terete."	Streptoglossa
244	"Leaves serrate to dissected or lobed."	245
244	"Leaves entire."	249
245	"Inner involucral bracts with fringed apices, far exceeded by the florets."	Rhaponticum
245	"Inner involucral bracts with entire apices, subequal to the florets."	246
246	"Fertile achenes lacking a pappus of bristles (aborted achenes sometimes with 2–5 weak barbellate bristles)."	Epaltes
246	"Achenes with a pappus of free bristles."	247
247	"Inner florets functionally male; achenes sterile."	Pluchea
247	"Inner florets bisexual or functionally female, capable of producing fertile achenes."	248
248	"Pappus uniseriate."	Blumea
248	"Pappus 2-seriate; outer bristles shorter than the inner ones."	Vernonia
249	"Involucral bracts (at least the outer ones) with ciliate margin."	250
249	"Involucral bracts lacking a ciliate margin (but outer ones sometimes woolly or lacerate)."	253
250	"Lamina of the involucral bracts conspicuous, petaloid, papery, white to coloured; achenes with a distinct filiform, sterile beak."	Waitzia
250	"Lamina of the involucral bracts inconspicuous, scarious to plumose, if conspicuously petaloid and white or coloured then achenes lacking beak."	251
251	"Flower heads terminal on short branches, sessile; usually surrounded by a cluster of leaves."	Triptilodiscus
251	"Flower heads terminal on long peduncles; not surrounded by a cluster of leaves."	252
252	"Corollas overhanging the margin of the involucre; achenes 3- or 4-ribbed, often with a distinct sterile beak."	Leptorhynchos
252	"Corollas not overhanging the involucre; achenes without ribs and lacking a beak."	Chrysocephalum
253	"Involucral bracts uniseriate or almost so, equal, herbaceous."	Millotia
253	"Involucral bracts multiseriate, frequently with inner bracts longer then the outer ones, herbaceous to scarious or coloured."	254
254	"Involucral bracts with lamina never petaloid, white or brightly coloured."	255
254	"Involucral bracts with lamina petaloid, papery, white to brightly coloured."	263
255	"All florets filiform."	Scorzonera
255	"Florets tubular and filiform or all tubular."	256
256	"Outer filiform florets in 2 to several whorls."	257
256	"Filiform florets few to absent."	258
257	"Flower heads sessile to subsessile in dense globose to spicate clusters, frequently subtended by a whorl of leaves; involucral bracts scarious; plants woolly, especially lower leaf surface."	Gnaphalium
257	"Flower heads pedunculate, usually in large panicles, not subtended by a whorl of leaves; involucral bracts herbaceous, sometimes with scarious margin; plants not woolly."	Conyza
258	"Creeping, aromatic herb with glandular hairs; achenes on short pedicels which persist on the receptacle; florets tubular."	Podotheca
258	"Habit not creeping, lacking the above combination of characters."	259
259	"Receptacle with scales; plant a white-tomentose aromatic herb with amplexicaul leaves."	Apalochlamys
259	"Receptacle lacking scales; plant lacking the above combination of characters."	260
260	"Pappus 2-seriate; outer bristles shorter than the inner; not fused."	Vernonia
260	"Pappus uniseriate; shortly fused at the base."	261
261	"Achenes with a slender sterile beak below the pappus."	Leptorhynchos
261	"Achenes without a slender sterile beak below the pappus."	262
262	"Outer bracts often extending down the peduncle, broad and membranous, the herbaceous base reduced and broadly triangular."	Leptorhynchos
262	"Outer bracts never extending down the peduncle, linear or oblong, green and herbaceous throughout except for membranous apex."	Leiocarpa
263	"Outer and inner involucral bracts uniformly scarious, never clawed; flower heads yellow."	Pseudognaphalium
263	"Inner and intermediate involucral bracts divided into a cartilaginous-herbaceous basal claw and a conspicuous lamina; colour of bracts various."	264
264	"Pappus plumose from the base (broader basal region sometimes lacks ornamentation)."	265
264	"Pappus either barbellate from the base, or plumose only at apex, or more or less subplumose at the base and barbellate at apex."	267
265	"Achenes hairy."	Rhodanthe
265	"Achenes glabrous."	266
266	"Achenes ellipsoid, verrucose; pappus persistent, eventually breaking shortly above base; leaves with more or less flat lamina."	Leucochrysum
266	"Achenes oblong to obovoid, smooth or papillose; pappus united in a ring at the base and falling as a unit; leaves more or less terete."	Hyalosperma
267	"Florets purple, at least apically."	Vellereophyton
267	"Florets yellow."	268
268	"Inflorescence a dense terminal cluster of small subsessile heads; female florets more numerous than the disc florets."	Pseudognaphalium
268	"Inflorescence not as above; female florets less numerous than the disc florets."	269
269	"Pappus bristles shortly plumose at the apex."	Anemocarpa
269	"Pappus bristles barbellate."	270
270	"Achenes prismatic, glabrous with papus yellow throughout; flower heads large, with many florets; involucral bracts numerous, all brightly coloured."	Xerochrysum
270	"Achenes lacking the above combination of characters; flower heads usually smaller with few florets; outer involucral bracts hyaline, brownish or white."	Helichrysum
271	"Leaves opposite, at least lower ones."	272
271	"Leaves alternately arranged and/or in basal rosette."	298
272	"Fruit (i.e. achenes plus fused involucral bracts) spiny or burrs, in axils of leaves along stems (flower heads sometimes in spike-like inflorescences)."	273
272	"Achenes not inside a fused fruit-like structure (sometimes enfolded by a conduplicate, unfused bract or scale); flower head not forming a burr, if spiny or with barbed hairs then borne in terminal heads."	275
273	"Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above; fruit consisting of 1 ray achene enveloped by one of the modified inner involucral bracts; 1–several borne on the common receptacle, within the outer involucral bracts."	Acanthospermum
273	"All leaves spirally arranged or in basal rosette; all the involucral bracts united to form a hard burr or nut enclosing 1 or more achenes; 1–several fruits borne in the leaf axils."	274
274	"Leaves entire, toothed, or if lobed then fruits covered with recurved spines."	Xanthium
274	"Leaves deeply divided."	Ambrosia
275	"Bracts and whole plant covered with glandular hairs."	276
275	"Bracts and whole plant without glands."	277
276	"Leaves linear, opposite below, alternate above."	Madia
276	"Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, opposite."	Sigesbeckia
277	"Corolla of outer florets longer than 8 mm."	278
277	"Corolla of outer florets up to 5 mm long."	288
278	"Leaves entire, toothed, or shallowly lobed."	279
278	"Leaves, at least lower ones, deeply lobed."	286
279	"Leaves sessile and usually clasping stem."	280
279	"Leaves petiolate or constricted towards base and not clasping stem."	281
280	"Leaves usually entire; involucral bracts in at least 3 rows."	Zinnia
280	"Leaves usually toothed; involucral bracts in 2 rows."	Guizotia
281	"Pappus of many hairs."	282
281	"Pappus of few hairs, absent, or otherwise."	283
282	"Plants prostrate."	Tridax
282	"Plants erect shrubs or subshrubs."	Olearia
283	"Achenes winged."	Verbesina
283	"Achenes angled or compressed but without wings."	284
284	"Receptacle conical."	Acmella
284	"Receptacle flat or convex."	285
285	"Heads in groups of 3; leaves ovate to rhombic, toothed."	Melanthera
285	"Heads solitary; leaves narrow-lanceolate, more or less entire to toothed or minutely lobed."	Wedelia
286	"Lobes of leaves up to 2 mm wide."	Cosmos
286	"Lobes 4–50 mm wide."	287
287	"Shrubs 1–4 m high; ligules of florets white."	Montanoa
287	"Subshrubs less than 1 m high; ligules of florets yellow."	Coreopsis
288	"Receptacle naked."	289
288	"Receptacle with scales or chaffy."	290
289	"Involucral bracts in 1 row and fused; plant with pungent smell."	Tagetes
289	"Involucral bracts in several rows, free."	Schkuhria
290	"Pappus consisting of bristles or scales."	291
290	"Pappus absent, rarely a cup, very short hairs or scales."	292
291	"Leaves pinnately divided."	Bidens
291	"Leaves entire or toothed."	Galinsoga
292	"Bracts covered with stalked glands."	Sigesbeckia
292	"Bracts without glands."	293
293	"Tubular florets sterile; involucral bracts in 1 row or if in 2 rows then outer row with 2–5 bracts."	294
293	"All florets fertile; involucral bracts numerous, in 2 or more rows."	296
294	"Leaves opposite; plants aquatic to semi-aquatic with soft creeping stems rooting at the nodes."	Enydra
294	"Leaves alternate (lower ones often opposite) or clustered; lacking the above combination of features."	295
295	"Involucral bracts enfolding the ray achenes, with shortly spiny tips, sparsely hairy."	Hemizonia
295	"Involucral bracts not enfolding the ray achenes, with membranous margins, woolly."	Eriocephalus
296	"Receptacle conical."	Acmella
296	"Receptacle flat or slightly convex."	297
297	"Outer achenes triangular in section, inner ones compressed."	Eclipta
297	"All achenes in flower head similar."	Wedelia
298	"Pappus present and usually prominent."	299
298	"Pappus absent, reduced to less than 1 mm or cup-like."	332
299	"Involucral bracts in 1 whorl, rarely with a few much shorter bracteoles at base; often slightly fused at base."	300
299	"Involucral bracts in 2 to several whorls, usually free."	303
300	"Pappus scale-like; heads solitary on long scape."	Gazania
300	"Pappus of hairs; heads usually in terminal clusters, rarely solitary on long scapes."	301
301	"Leaves palmately veined; woody shrubs."	Roldana
301	"Plants lacking the above combination of characters."	302
302	"Achenes not compressed."	Senecio
302	"Achenes, at least those of the ray florets, compressed."	Cineraria
303	"Receptacle with scales."	304
303	"Receptacle rough or pitted but without scales."	308
304	"Plants usually more than 1 m high and with 1 to several erect branches."	305
304	"Plants with basal rootstock, somewhat branched and with branches shorter than 50 cm long."	307
305	"Leaves deeply divided."	Tithonia
305	"Leaves entire or toothed."	306
306	"Pappus of short bristles; apex of ligule of florets lobed or distinctly toothed."	Verbesina
306	"Pappus of non-persistent scales; apex of ligule of florets scarcely toothed."	Helianthus
307	"Ligules of ray florets scarcely longer than involucral bracts."	Glossogyne
307	"Ligules large and spectacular, much longer than involucral bracts."	Gaillardia
308	"Involucral bracts fused into tube."	Gazania
308	"Involucral bracts in several rows, free."	309
309	"Leaves, at least some of them, divided or lobed."	310
309	"Leaves entire or toothed."	313
310	"Ray florets female, fertile."	311
310	"Ray florets sterile."	312
311	"Achenes with 3 wing-like ridges on one side; pappus of pinkish scales."	Arctotis
311	"Achenes variously ribbed but lacking wing-like ridges; pappus of white to brownish bristles."	Vittadinia
312	"Pappus double; outer obovate scales, inner bristles."	Ursinia
312	"Pappus of small scales."	Arctotheca
313	"Inner involucral bracts dry and membranous, with or without an herbaceous base."	314
313	"All involucral bracts herbaceous or sometimes with dry membranous margin."	315
314	"Achenes abruptly constricted below a short neck below the broader apex."	Dittrichia
314	"Achenes ellipsoid to cylindrical."	Podolepis
315	"Ray florets in 2 or more rows."	316
315	"Ray florets in 1 row."	325
316	"Achenes with a long neck."	Ixiochlamys
316	"Achenes lacking a long neck."	317
317	"Tubular florets sterile; sterile achenes with pappus of long free barbellate bristles and shorter bristles often fused into scales or a cup."	Minuria
317	"All florets fertile (but not always, producing achenes); pappus not as above."	318
318	"Involucral bracts of fruiting flower heads clasping; dark purple brown with white margins."	Dichromochlamys
318	"Involucral bracts of fruiting flower heads spreading or recurved; herbaceous, with or without a scarious margin."	319
319	"Ligules absent or inconspicuous i.e. more or less as long as pappus; flower heads numerous, in panicles."	320
319	"Ligules exceeding the pappus; flower heads usually solitary or in loose groups of 2–4."	321
320	"Plant glabrous; involucral bracts tinged purple at apex and margins."	Aster
320	"Plant pubescent to scabrous, at least on the upper stem; if glabrous then with a purple spot at the apex of the involucral bracts."	Conyza
321	"Corolla of disc florets as long as or longer than the pappus, persisting."	Camptacra
321	"Corolla of disc florets usually as long as or shorter than the pappus, not persisting."	322
322	"Plant glabrous."	Aster
322	"Plant pubescent to scabrous."	323
323	"Achenes variously hairy but always with a basal tuft of hairs; base of corolla swollen around swollen style base; style branches flattened, with triangular appendages."	Erigeron
323	"Achenes variously hairy but lacking a basal tuft of hairs; base of corolla not swollen; style branches not as above."	324
324	"Receptacle convex; achenes always with a basal tuft of hairs, bristles free."	Vittadinia
324	"Receptacle flat; achenes hairy but lacking a basal tuft of hairs, bristles joined at the base."	Streptoglossa
325	"Pappus double row of bristles; inner long, barbellate; outer short and inconspicuous; brick red to rust coloured."	Heterotheca
325	"Pappus lacking the above combination of characters."	326
326	"Plants more or less resinous; involucral bracts 4–8-seriate, graduated, more or less indurated, middle and outer with spreading green tips."	Grindelia
326	"Plants lacking the above combination of characters."	327
327	"Pappus of scales and/or awns or absent."	328
327	"Pappus 1 or 2 rows of barbellate bristles."	329
328	"Pappus of rigid, usually barbed awns, often alternating with scales, occasionally an entire scarious collar, or rarely absent; achene faces sometimes hairy but not enveloped in wool; plants not fleshy, leaves variously hairy but not tomentose."	Calotis
328	"Pappus of scales; achenes enveloped in wool; plants fleshy, leaves tomentose, especially on lower surface."	Arctotheca
329	"Pappus less than a quarter as long as the achenes."	Brachyscome
329	"Pappus about as long as achenes or longer."	330
330	"Herbs with a basal rosette."	Celmisia
330	"Shrubs and subshrubs; if herbaceous, lacking a basal rosette."	331
331	"Perennial with seasonal stems arising from a woody rootstock; corolla of disc florets persisting on mature achenes; anther appendages lanceolate, with central strand of darker tissue."	Camptacra
331	"Shrubs and undershrubs; corolla of disc florets not persisting on mature achenes; anther appendages acute, lacking central strand of darker tissue."	Olearia
332	"Achenes drawn into short beak."	Lagenophora
332	"Achenes abruptly truncated at apex."	333
333	"Receptacle with scales."	334
333	"Receptacles naked."	337
334	"Flower heads small and in terminal clusters."	Achillea
334	"Flower heads larger and individually stalked or solitary."	335
335	"Leaves lobed to almost entire."	Cymbonotus
335	"Leaves deeply divided."	336
336	"Receptacle scales longer than outer florets, becoming hardened with age."	Erodiophyllum
336	"Receptacle scales shorter than florets."	Anthemis
337	"All florets producing achenes."	338
337	"Only outer florets producing achenes."	347
338	"Achenes from outer and inner florets different."	339
338	"Achenes all alike."	342
339	"At least inner achenes curved to C-shaped."	Calendula
339	"All achenes straight or almost so."	340
340	"Annuals covered with glandular hairs."	Dimorphotheca
340	"Perennials without glandular hairs."	341
341	"Ligules pale to golden yellow, rarely white but then usually yellow toward base."	Chrysanthemum
341	"Ligules completely white."	Leucanthemum
342	"Receptacle flat, ray florets yellow; leaves grey-white, tomentose beneath, less hairy and more or less green above."	Cymbonotus
342	"Receptacle convex to conical, ray florets various; leaves concolorous, green."	343
343	"Achenes triquetrous; inner surface with 3 ribs; outer surface wrinkled, with 2 glands at apex; pappus a small crenulate corona; leaves mostly 3-pinnatisect, feathery in appearance."	Tripleurospermum
343	"Achenes lacking the above combination of characters; leaves various."	344
344	"Plants aromatic, with chamomile-like odour; involucral bracts thinly scarious with expanded obtuse apices."	345
344	"Plants sometimes with sparse glands but never aromatic; involucral bracts usually with narrow scarious hyaline margins."	346
345	"Perennial with rhizomes; flower heads in dense compound corymbs."	Tanacetum
345	"Annual; flower heads in loose cymes."	Matricaria
346	"Plant a shrub; involucral bracts in 1 row, fused below; ligules yellow."	Euryops
346	"Plant lacking the above combination of characters."	Brachyscome
347	"Achenes with fleshy outer tissue."	Chrysanthemoides
347	"Achenes all dry."	348
348	"Achenes with prominent wings."	Osteospermum
348	"Achenes without wings"	Grindelia