1	"Inflorescence a group of 1-4 spikelets enclosed within the upper leaf-sheaths, only the stigmas and stamens exserted"	Pennisetum
1	"Inflorescence not enclosed within the upper leaf-sheaths, or if partly enclosed, of more than 4 spikelets"	2
2	"Plants large robust perennials usually over 1.5 m in height with stout,  cane-like culms; panicle more than 15 cm long, dense, plume-like, more or less silky"	3
2	"Plant annual or perennial, usually less than 1.5 m in height but if more then the inflorescence not as above"	4
3	"Leaves mostly basal, linear, up to 2 m long, forming very large tussocks"	Cortaderia
3	"Leaves cauline; plant with stout creeping rhizomes and stolons, forming dense colonies in wet situations"	Phragmites
4	"Spikelets dimorphous within each inflorescence; fertile spikelets 1-5 flowered, dehiscing between the florets; sterile spikelets persistent, indehiscent, with several pectinately arranged sterile lemmas"	Cynosurus
4	"Spikelets within each inflorescence more or less of the same form; if sterile spikelets present, (see Phalaris), never of several pectinately arranged sterile lemmas"	5
5	"Inflorescence a compound spatheate panicle with one to several spathes arising from nodes of the axis and branches"	6
5	"Inflorescence without spathes"	7
6	"Plants with long-creeping stolons, colonising coastal sands; dioecious, the panicles ovate to spherical, 10-30 cm in diameter"	Spinifex
6	"Plants tufted, monoecious, racemes of the panicle comprising 1 sessile awned bisexual spikelet and 1-2 pedicellate male or sterile spikelets subtended by an involucre of 2 pairs of sessile male or sterile spikelets"	Themeda
7	"Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely an occasional spikelet producing a second, rudimentary floret, spikelets not in triplets"	8
7	"Spikelets 2-many flowered (occasionally a depauperate spikelet reduced to a single floret), the florets all of the same form or one or more of the florets of different sex or sterile and/or much reduced in size (in Paspalum and Digitaria q.v. the lower glume is often absent and the spikelet may appear to bear I floret only) or the spikelets 1-flowered and the spikelets in triplets at each node of a spike"	44
8	"Inflorescence a panicle of several stiff erect spikes; stout erect rhizomatous perennial in tidal habitats"	Spartina
8	"Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle or a spike or a cluster of digitately arranged spikes or a raceme"	9
9	"Inflorescence of 2-6 digitately arranged spikes"	Cynodon
9	"Inflorescence a spike or raceme or panicle"	10
10	"Inflorescence a spike with spikelets inserted in cavities in the rhachis or a spike-like raceme with shiny, laterally compressed spikelets appressed to the zig-zag rhachis"	11
10	"Inflorescence an open or contracted or dense and spike-like panicle"	14
11	"Inflorescence a raceme"	Zoysia
11	"Inflorescence a spike"	12
12	"Spike secund, the spikelets in 2 rows on one side of the persistent rhachis"	Nardus
12	"Spike distichous, the rhachis disarticulating at each node at maturity"	13
13	"Spikelet with one glume"	Hainardia
13	"Spikelet with 2 glumes placed together in front of the spikelet"	Parapholis
14	"Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle, the axis and branches hidden by the mass of spikelets"	15
14	"Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle, rhachis and branches usually visible"	30
15	"Glumes awned"	16
15	"Glumes awnless"	19
16	"Lemma awnless; panicle cylindrical"	Phleum
16	"Lemma awned; panicle ovoid, globose or oblong-cylindrical"	17
17	"Lemma awn more than 10 mm long; panicle softly hairy, globose to oblong-cylindrical"	Lagurus
17	"Lemma awn less than 5 mm long, panicle narrow-oblong to cylindrical, more or less lobed"	18
18	"Plants perennial; spikelet disarticulating above the glumes at maturity; glume awns 2-3 mm long; anthers sterile"	"X Agropogon"
18	"Plants annual; spikelets falling entire at maturity; glume awns 2.5-7 mm long; anthers fertile"	Polypogon
19	"Lemmas awnless"	20
19	"Lemmas awned"	23
20	"Spikelets 10-16 mm long; lemma with a short subterminal mucro"	Ammophila
20	"Spikelets up to 3.5 mm long; lemma without a mucro"	21
21	"Panicle lead-coloured; lemma 1-nerved"	Sporobolus
21	"Panicle green or purplish; lemma 5-nerved"	22
22	"Spikelet disarticulating above the glumes at maturity"	Agrostis
22	"Spikelet falling entire with the pedicel at maturity"	Polypogon
23	"Glumes hardened, swollen and shining near the base, constricted to a waist and expanded above"	Gastridium
23	"Glumes not hardened and swollen near the base"	24
24	"Spikelets falling entire at maturity; glumes equal, connate at the base"	Alopecurus
24	"Spikelets disarticulating above the persistent glumes; glumes not connate at the base"	25
25	"Palea less than one third as long as the lemma"	Agrostis
25	"Palea more than two thirds as long as the lemma"	26
26	"Awn less than twice as long as the lemma"	27
26	"Awn more than twice as long as the lemma"	28
27	"Inflorescence a dense globular-ovoid or oblong panicle; keels of the glumes bearing long, stout, pectinate cilia"	Echinopogon
27	"Inflorescence more or less linear or lanceolate; keels of the glumes shortly ciliate or scaberulous"	Deyeuxia
28	"Inflorescence a dense, globlular-ovoid or oblong panicle; florets lanceolate in outline"	Echinopogon
28	"Inflorescence linear or lanceolate or an open panicle; florets more or less fusiform"	29
29	"Awn terminal (sometimes the lemma apex with minute lateral lobes); callus pungent, more or less curved"	Stipa
29	"Awn inserted in a sinus between lateral lobes of the lemma apex; callus blunt, straight"	Dichelachne
30	"Lemmas awnless"	31
30	"Lemmas awned"	34
31	"Ligule a ciliate rim"	Sporobolus
31	"Ligule membranous"	32
32	"Lemma thinly or rather strongly indurated, more or less scaberulous; apex acute"	Deyeuxia
32	"Lemma membranous to chartaceous,smooth, glabrous or hairy apex truncate"	33
33	"Spikelet falling entire at maturity"	Polypogon
33	"Spikelet disarticulating above the glumes at maturity"	Agrostis
34	"Glumes awned"	"X Agropogon"
34	"Glumes unawned"	35
35	"Lemma with 5 unbranched awns, central awn longer and stouter than the lateral pairs of awns"	Pentapogon
35	"Lemma with a single branched or unbranched awn"	36
36	"Awn 3-branched"	Aristida
36	"Awn unbranched"	37
37	"Awn more than 10 mm long, usually twice as long or more than the lemma"	38
37	"Awn up to 10 mm long, usually (except in some Agrostis spp.) less than twice as long as the lemma"	41
38	"Lemma broad-elliptical, glabrous and more or less shining below the insertion of the dorsal awn, apex extended into 2-4 fine bristles"	Avena
38	"Lemma obovoid to fusiform, awn terminal or if dorsal the lemma bifid with lateral lobes membranous"	39
39	"Lemma c. 2 mm long, obovoid; awn eceentrically inserted, up to 30 mm long"	Nassella
39	"Lemma 2.75 mm long or more, fusiform; awn not eccentrically inserted"	40
40	"Lemma tapering to a more or less cylindrical apex with an apparent disarticulation zone between it and the awn; callus long, pungent"	Stipa
40	"Lemma apex bifid, awn continuous with the midnerve of the lemma, callus short, not pungent"	Dichelachne
41	"Callus hairs greatly exceeding the lemma"	Calamagrostis
41	"Callus hairs shorter than to almost equalling the lemma or absent"	42
42	"Lemma thinly or rather strongly indurated, more or less scabrous, apex acute"	Deyeuxia
42	"Lemma membranous to chartaceous, smooth, glabrous or hairy"	43
43	"Glumes 3-nerved; lemma awn terminal, caducous"	Piptatherum
43	"Glumes 1-nerved; lemma awn dorsal to subterminal, more or less persistent"	Agrostis
44	"Inflorescence of digitately or subdigitately arranged spikes or racemes or of more or less distant racemes on a primary axis"	45
44	"Inflorescence a spike or raceme or panicle"	50
45	"Inflorescence a cluster of stiff erect spikes; stout erect rhizomatous perennial in tidal habitats"	Spartina
45	"Inflorescence of racemes; habit and habitats various"	46
46	"Spikelets in pairs at each node, one sessile, bisexual, one pedicellate, male or neuter"	47
46	"Spikelets in groups of 2-6 at each node, all alike"	48
47	"Racemes with spikelets to the base; culm nodes pilose"	Dicanthium
47	"Racemes naked at the base; culm nodes glabrous"	Bothriochoa
48	"Margins of fertile lemma membranous, embracing the palea"	Digitaria
48	"Margins of fertile lemma more or less thickened, inrolled, touching but not embracing the palea"	49
49	"Lower glume minute or absent; spikelets shallowly plano-convex, usually in pairs alternating on either side of the triquetrous or flattened rhachis, appearing 4-ranked"	Paspalum
49	"Lower glume at least one third as long as the spikelet; spikelet deeply plano-convex, not appearing 4-ranked on the rhachis"	Echinochloa
50	"Inflorescence a spike or raceme"	51
50	"Inflorescence an open or contracted or spike-like, often dense, panicle (In some spp. of Glyceria the panicle is reduced and may appear to be a raceme)"	67
51	"Inflorescence a raceme (in Hemarthria the fused pedicel of the pedicellate spikelet gives the inflorescence the appearance of a spike)"	52
51	"Inflorescence a spike (in Australopyrum the lowest spikelets may be subsessile)"	60
52	"Spikelets with one fertile floret subtended by 1 or 2 sterile florets"	53
52	"Spikelets with lower florets fertile; terminal florets may be reduced and sterile"	55
53	"Spikelets subtended by an involucre of bristles"	Pennisetum
53	"Spikelets not subtended by an involucre"	54
54	"Spikelets solitary at each node; fertile floret subtended by 2 sterile florets"	Ehrharta
54	"Spikelets paired at each node, one sessile, one pedicellate with the pedicel fused to the rhachis; fertile floret subtended by a single sterile floret"	Hemarthria
55	"Plants dioecious; rhizomatous perennial with distichous leaves, in coastal habitats or around salt lagoons in the Midlands"	Distichlis
55	"Plants with bisexual inflorescences, habit and habitats various"	56
56	"Lemma apex minutely 3-toothed; rare grass up to 15 cm high of highland areas"	Erythranthera
56	"Lemma apex awned or awnless; grasses of various habitats"	57
57	"Lemmas awnless; culm and racemes rigid, erect"	Catapodium
57	"Lemmas awned"	58
58	"Lemma with a more or less geniculate awn inserted in the sinus between 2 lateral lobes"	Danthonia
58	"Lemma tapering to a straight terminal awn"	59
59	"Lower glume 0.3-3 mm long, 1-nerved, upper glume 2-7 mm long, 1-3-nerved"	Vulpia
59	"Lower glume c. 5 mm long, 5-nerved, upper glume c. 7 mm long, 7-nerved"	Brachypodium
60	"Spikelets with 1 glume only; narrow edge of spikelet against the rhachis"	Lolium
60	"Spikelet with 2 glumes; wide face of spikelet against the rhachis"	61
61	"Spikelets 1-flowered, in triplets at each node of the rhachis"	Hordeum
61	"Spikelets solitary at each node"	62
62	"Spikelets with 2 fertile and 1 terminal rudimentary floret; glumes linear-subulate; lemma keels stiffly pectinate-ciliate"	Secale
62	"Spikelets 3-several-flowered; lemma keels not pectinate-ciliate"	63
63	"Glumes broad, expanded, more or less keeled above, apex truncate, mucronate or awned or toothed; cultivated cereal"	Triticum
63	"Glumes not expanded; not a cereal"	64
64	"Lemma awns dorsal, geniculate"	Gaudinia
64	"Lemma awns terminal, straight or curving"	65
65	"Spikelets wide-spreading or reflexed; glumes widely divergent at maturity"	Australopyrum
65	"Spikelets more or less appressed to the rhachis; glumes not widely divergent"	66
66	"Culms pubescent, stiffly erect, up to 35 cm high, usually greatly exceeding the tuft of basal leaves; lemmas hardened, pungent"	Australopyrum
66	"Culms up to 120 cm high, glabrous, smooth or scaberulous; lemmas obtuse or acute or acuminate or awned, not pungent"	Elymus
67	"Spikelet with one fertile bisexual floret subtended by or subtending a male or neuter floret or florets (in Phalaris the neuter florets much reduced, the lower sometimes absent)"	68
67	"Spikelet with 2-many fertile bisexual florets (terminal florets may be infertile and in depauperate specimens some spikelets may be reduced to a single floret)"	83
68	"Spikelets with glumes or lemmas awned"	69
68	"Spikelets awnless"	76
69	"Infloresence a dense panicle"	70
69	"Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle"	72
70	"Spikelet with lower floret bisexual, awnless; upper floret usually male awned"	Holcus
70	"Spikelet with upper floret bisexual, awnless, lower floret or florets neuter, awned"	71
71	"Spikelet plano-convex, more or less dorsally compressed; lower floret cuspidate or awned"	Echinochloa
71	"Spikelet laterally compressed; lower florets both awned"	Anthoxanthum
72	"Spikelet with upper floret usually male, awned; lower floret bisexual, awnless"	Holcus
72	"Spikelet with upper floret bisexual or female, awnless or with a short subterminal awn"	73
73	"Upper floret bisexual or female, subtended by two male florets or sterile lemmas"	74
73	"Upper floret bisexual or female, subtended by a single male or sterile floret"	75
74	"Bisexual or female floret awnless subtended by two male florets, awned"	Hierochloe
74	"Bisexual floret awnless, subtended by two sterile lemmas, one or both awned"	Ehrharta
75	"Spikelet plano-convex, more or less dorsally compressed; lower floret sterile"	Echinochloa
75	"Spikelet laterally compressed; upper floret bisexual or rarely female, short-awned; lower floret male or rarely bisexual, long-awned"	Arrhenatherum
76	"Bisexual floret subtended by 2 male florets or sterile lemmas"	77
76	"Bisexual floret subtended by a single male or sterile floret"	79
77	"Bisexual floret subtended by two male florets"	Hierochloe
77	"Bisexual floret subtended by two sterile lemmas (in Phalaris these greatly reduced, the lower sometimes absent)"	78
78	"Sterile lemmas greatly reduced; panicle dense and spike-like (in P. paradoxa a fertile spikelet is surrounded by a group of sterile spikelets)"	Phalaris
78	"Sterile lemmas, or at least the upper, equalling or exceeding the fertile lemma"	Ehrharta
79	"Spikelet not subtended by bristles or hairs"	80
79	"Spikelet subtended by 1-many bristles or hairs"	81
80	"Inflorescence a terminal or axillary spike-like panicle, much reduced, the branches short racemes partially sunk in hollows in the thickened rhachis"	Stenotaphrum
80	"Inflorescence a diffuse or open or contracted panicle"	Panicum
81	"Spikelets in pairs, one subsessile, one long-pedicellate, the pedicels silky-hairy; inflorescence cylindrical, silky"	Imperata
81	"Spikelets solitary or in groups, subtended by 1-several scabrous or plumose bristles"	82
82	"Spikelets narrow-lanceolate, solitary or in groups of 2-4, surrounded by and falling with an involucre of plumose or scabrous bristles"	Pennisetum
82	"Spikelets ovate or oblong, plano-convex, subtended by 1-several bristles which do not fall with the spikelet"	Setaria
83	"Spikelets awnless"	84
83	"Spikelets with awns (sometimes minute) on glumes or lemmas"	98
84	"Panicle dense, spike-like, sometimes interrupted below"	85
84	"Panicle open or contracted or reduced and spike-like"	86
85	"Leaf-blades flat, pilose; grass not of coastal sand-dunes"	Koeleria
85	"Leaf-blades terete, stiff, pungent; grass of coastal sand-dunes"	Austrofestuca
86	"Spikelets crowded in dense secund clusters at the end of the panicle branches"	Dactylis
86	"Spikelets not crowded in dense secund clusters at the ends of the branches"	87
87	"Spikelets inflated, laterally compressed, lemmas imbricate, broader than long, more or less cordate at the base"	Briza
87	"Spikelets not inflated, lemmas longer than broad"	88
88	"Inflorescence compact, secund, only shortly exserted from the upper leaf-sheath; spikelets on short racemose branches below, sessile above; upper florets male or sterile"	Sclerochloa
88	"Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle, usually exserted from the uppermost leaf-sheath"	89
89	"Panicle up to 15 mm long, contracted, stiffly erect, lemma apex retuse with a minute mucro in the sinus; rare grass, less than 20 cm high, of highland areas"	Erythranthera
89	"Panicle open or contracted, usually much more than IS mm long; grasses of various habitats"	90
90	"Spikelets laterally compressed; lemmas 3-nerved; paleas often persisting on the rhachilla after the lemma and grain have fallen; ligule a rim of hairs"	Eragrostis
90	"Spikelets slightly laterally compressed to more or less cylindrical; lemmas 5-11-nerved; rhachilla and paleas not persistent; ligule membranous"	91
91	"Panicles secund, linear or ovate, stiff, erect; the spikelets usually longer than the branches, more or less distichous"	Catapodium
91	"Panicles open or contracted, not secund; branches usually longer than the spikelets, not distichous"	92
92	"Glumes as long as or longer than the florets; spikelet usually 2-flowered but occasionally with a third floret, sterile (in A. strigosa spikelets may be 1-flowered)"	Avena
92	"Glumes usually shorter than the subtended floret, always shorter than the spikelet"	93
93	"Ligule striate and obscurely nerved, lemma minutely scaberulous overall and with scattered coarse stiff hairs"	Dryopoa
93	"Ligule not striate or nerved; lemma smooth or scaberulous, without coarse stiff hairs"	94
94	"Spikelets awnless, terete, or if somewhat laterally compressed then leaf-sheaths prominently cross-veined adaxially; lemmas not keeled; grasses of saline soils or freshwater habitats"	95
94	"Spikelets awned or awnless, more or less laterally compressed; lemmas rounded on the back or keeled; grasses of various habitats"	96
95	"Lemmas 7-11-nerved, grasses of freshwater habitats"	Glyceria
95	"Lemmas 5-nerved, grasses of saline soils"	Puccinella
96	"Lower glume 3-5-nerved; upper glume 5-7-nerved; lemmas 9-nerved"	Bromus
96	"Lower glume 1-3-nerved; upper glume 3-nerved; lemmas 5-nerved"	97
97	"Leaf-sheaths auriculate at the summit; lemmas rounded on the back below, more or less keeled above"	Festuca
97	"Leaf-sheaths not auriculate; lemmas keeled, frequently with long silky hairs (the ""web"") at the base of the midnerve"	Poa
98	"Panicle dense and spike-like"	99
98	"Panicle open or contracted"	101
99	"Culms puberulous to velutinous"	Trisetum
99	"Culms glabrous"	100
100	"Spikelets 5-10 mm long, lower glume 3.5-6 mm long; upper glume 5-7 mm long"	Koeleria
100	"Spikelets 3-5 (-7.5?) mm long; lower glume c. 2 mm long; upper glume c.3 mm long"	Rostraia
101	"Spikelets crowded in dense secund fascicles at the ends of the branches"	Dactylis
101	"Spikelets usually solitary, never crowded in dense fascicles"	102
102	"Spikelets usually 2-flowered (occasionally a third floret in Avena and Deschampsia"	103
102	"Spikelet usually 3 or more-flowered (occasionally 2 florets only in Poa)"	106
103	"Spikelet more than 15 mm long"	Avena
103	"Spikelets less than 10 mm long"	104
104	"Spikelets 7-10 mm long; basal internodes swollen and corm-like"	Arrhenatherum
104	"Spikelets up to 5 mm long, basal internodes not swollen"	105
105	"Glumes boat-shaped; lemma apex tapering to 2 slender teeth; slender annual grass"	Aira
105	"Glumes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; lemma apex truncate, irregularly toothed; perennials"	Deshampsia
106	"Ligule a ciliate rim, usually with a tuft of longer hairs at each margin; awn produced in the sinus between two lateral lobes (awn and lobes reduced to 3 short teeth in D. decumbens)"	Danthonia
106	"Ligule membranous; awn dorsal, subterminal or terminal"	107
107	"Awn dorsal, lemma apex variously lobed or toothed or terminating in bristles"	Amphibromus
107	"Awn terminal or subterminal"	108
108	"Plants glabrous; panicle contracted with short erect branches; spikelets plump; lemmas awnless or with a subterminal mucro or short awn; highland areas above 800 m"	Poa
108	"Plants various but without the combination of characters above"	109
109	"Plants annual; glumes very unequal; lemmas tapering to a terminal awn"	Vulpia
109	"Plants annual or perennial, glumes unequal to subequal; awns subterminal, the Lemmas entire or terminating in a pair of lobes of various length"	110
110	"Ovary and caryopsis surmounted by a hairy bilobed appendage; leaf-sheaths usually hairy"	Bromus
110	"Ovary and caryopsis without a hairy appendage; leaf-sheaths usually glabrous"	111
111	"Lemmas rounded on the back, at least at the base; rhachilla segment glabrous"	Festuca
111	"Lemmas keeled throughout; rachilla segment hairy"	Austrofestuca