1	"Flowers/fruits borne in short or long spikes or racemes, mainly terminal but sometimes in the upper leaf axils"	2
1	"Flowers/fruits not borne in spikes or racemes"	23
2	"Vines; flowers/fruits with pedicels 2-10 cm long"	Thunbergia
2	"Shrubs or forbs; flowers/fruits sessile or with pedicels to 1 cm long"	3
3	"Leaves without cystoliths"	4
3	"Leaves with cystoliths"	6
4	"Leaves with spinose teeth; seeds discoid; mangrove shrub"	Acanthus
4	"Leaf margins entire; seeds globose to broadly ellipsoidal; not growing in or near mangroves"	5
5	"Sprawling or prostrate forb; leaves with predominantly eglandular hairs; calyx lobes four"	"Nelsonia campestris"
5	"Erect forb; leaves, stems and calyx with abundant glandular hairs; calyx lobes five"	"Staurogyne spatulata"
6	"Largest leaves 14-32 cm long"	7
6	"Largest leaves 1-14 cm long"	11
7	"Cystoliths 0.3-0.6 mm long; leaf midrib and lateral veins white; leaf margins consistently crenulate; corolla yellow"	"Sanchezia parvibracteata"
7	"Cystoliths 0.1-0.3 mm long; leaves green throughout; leaf margins entire or very obscurely lobed; corolla white, red or blue"	8
8	"Bracts and bracteoles very small, inconspicuous and not obscuring corolla"	"Odontonema cuspidatum"
8	"Bracts or bracteoles prominent, obscuring basal part of corolla"	9
9	"Leaf hairs persistent on petiole and midrib, readily visible with hand-lens; cystoliths sparse and vastly outnumbered by circular glands; bracts red; corolla white"	"Megaskepasma erythrochlamys"
9	"Leaf hairs absent or visible only at 40x magnification; cystoliths abundant; bracts either green, or white with green veins; corolla red or blue"	10
10	"Leaf base markedly attenuate; bracts white with green veins; corolla blue"	"Eranthemum pulchellum"
10	"Leaf base cuneate; bracts green; corolla red"	"Pachystachys coccinea"
11	"Bracts or bract-like sepals with pungent apex"	12
11	"Bracts without pungent apex"	13
12	"Pungent apex 3-4 mm long; calyx lobes 5, all equal; no spines in leaf axils"	Dicliptera
12	"Pungent apex < 1mm long; calyx lobes 4, two very large and two small; spines occurring in some leaf axils"	Barleria
13	"Bracts orbicular to broadly elliptic, less than two times longer than broad, and obscuring rachis"	14
13	"Bracts more than twice as long as broad"	15
14	"Largest leaf laminae < 6 cm long; bracts same shape as leaves"	Ruellia
14	"Largest leaf lamina 6-14 cm long; bracts broader than leaves"	Justicia
15	"Spikes 1-2 cm long; flowers densely clustered, rachis not visible"	"Lepidagathis royenii"
15	"Spikes or racemes 2-25 cm long; flowers often widely spaced, rachis usually visible"	16
16	"Bracts fused in the lower half to two-thirds, enveloping the calyx"	Hypoestes
16	"Bracts not fused"	17
17	"Leaf pairs at any given node very different in size, with one large leaf and one small leaf"	Brunoniella
17	"Leaf pairs of equal size"	18
18	"Leaf margins crenate"	Hemigraphis
18	"Leaf margins entire"	19
19	"Largest leaves 11-14 cm long; leaf base attenuate, petiole winged"	Crossandra
19	"Largest leaves 1-11 cm long; leaf base cuneate, obtuse or cordate, petiole not winged"	20
20	"Flowers/fruits pedicellate; bracts and bracteoles inconspicuous, shorter than calyx"	21
20	"Flowers/fruits sessile; bracts and bracteoles about same size or larger than calyx"	22
21	"Flowers/fruits with pedicels 1-3.5 mm long; cystoliths circular to ellipsoidal, < 0.1 mm long"	Asystasia
21	"Flowers/fruits with pedicels 2-10 mm long; cystoliths rod-shaped, 0.1-0.3 mm long"	Pseuderanthemum
22	"Aquatic plant; bracts markedly broader than the calyx lobes"	Hygrophila
22	"Terrestrial plant; bracts similar in size and shape to calyx lobes"	Rostellularia
23	"Flowers/fruits solitary (occasionally two) in leaf axils"	24
23	"Inflorescence comprising more than one flower/fruit"	34
24	"Leaves in basal rosette; stems very short"	Brunoniella
24	"Leaves spaced along an elongate stem"	25
25	"Vines, pedicels 2-12 cm long"	Thunbergia
25	"Shrubs or forbs; pedicels 0-2 cm long"	26
26	"Aquatic plant, margins of emergent leaves dentate, with 28-40 teeth"	Hygrophila
26	"Terrestrial plants, leaf margins entire, obscurely crenulate, or with 1-10 teeth"	27
27	"Leaves persistently hairy throughout"	28
27	"Leaves glabrous or with hairs confined to major veins"	30
28	"Stems and leaves with abundant glandular hairs; leaves often alternate; cystoliths absent; fruits without hooks; seeds globose to broadly ellipsoidal"	"Staurogyne spatulata"
28	"Glandular hairs on stems and leaves sparse or absent; leaves opposite; cystoliths present; fruits with hooks; seeds discoid"	29
29	"Fruits club-shaped, calyx hairs all or predominantly eglandular"	Dipteracanthus
29	"Fruits cylindrical; calyx hairs predominantly glandular"	Ruellia
30	"Calyx lobes 2-6 mm long"	31
30	"Calyx lobes 10-28 mm long"	33
31	"Calyx lobes glandular hairy; corolla white"	Pseuderanthemum
31	"Calyx lobes glabrous or with eglandular hairs; corolla red, pink or mauve"	32
32	"Corolla 28-35 mm long, red; some leaves with acute teeth"	Graptophyllum
32	"Corolla 6-7 mm long, pink or mauve; all leaves entire"	Harnieria
33	"Calyx lobes 5, all equal, 10-16 mm long"	Ruellia
33	"Calyx lobes 4, markedly dimorphic, larger pair 20-28 mm long"	Barleria
34	"Inflorescence compact, in the leaf axils, pedicels and peduncles <5 mm long"	35
34	"Inflorescence not compact in the leaf axils, pedicels OR peduncles > 5 mm long"	42
35	"At least some leaves having 1-10 acute marginal teeth"	Graptophyllum
35	"All leaves entire"	36
36	"Calyx lobes 4, unequal, with 2 large and two small"	Barleria
36	"Calyx lobes 5, all equal"	37
37	"Bracts equally long as, or exceeding calyx lobes"	38
37	"Bracts and bracteoles shorter than calyx lobes"	40
38	"Bracts fused in the lower half, bract apices attenuate with long glandular hairs"	Hypoestes
38	"Bracts free, broadly elliptical to orbicular or obcordate, without long glandular hairs at the apex"	39
39	"Bracts obcordate, 10-15 mm across; calyx lobes 8-10 mm long; fruits 8-11 mm long"	Harnieria
39	"Bracts orbicular to broadly elliptical, 4-7 mm across; calyx lobes 1-2.5 mm long; fruits 2-4 mm long"	Dicliptera
40	"Largest leaves > 6 cm long"	Hygrophila
40	"Largest leaves < 6 cm long"	41
41	"Leaves +/- glabrous, cystoliths 0.1-0.15 mm long; lower half of calyx fused; corolla 5-7 mm long; roots not tuberous"	"Dyschoriste depressa"
41	"Leaves with persisting hairs, cystoliths 0.15-0.4 mm long; calyx fused only at base; corolla 10-18 mm long; roots tuberous"	Brunoniella
42	"Inflorescence comprising a cluster of sessile flowers/fruits at the summit of a long axillary peduncle"	43
42	"Flowers/fruits pedicellate; inflorescence branched (monochasially or dichasially cymose), axillary or terminal"	46
43	"Leaf pairs unequal, with one large and one small leaf at each node; leaf apex attenuate"	Strobilanthes
43	"Leaf pairs equal; leaf apex acute or obtuse"	44
44	"Leaves 17-50 mm wide; corolla 30-45 mm long, purple"	Peristrophe
44	"Leaves 0.5-10 mm wide; corolla 8-12 mm long, white to pink"	45
45	"Branchlets spinescent; leaves 1-2(-2.5) mm wide; fruits 14-19 mm long"	Rhaphidospora
45	"Branchlets inermous, leaves 2-10 mm wide; fruits 7-9 mm long"	Xerothamnella
46	"Bracts and bracteoles conspicuous, adjacent to calyx and partially covering calyx lobes"	47
46	"Bracts and bracteoles inconspicuous, narrow, not adjacent to calyx"	49
47	"Bracts fused in the lower half to two-thirds of their length, enveloping calyx lobes"	Hypoestes
47	"Bracts free"	48
48	"Bracts unequal in length, both exceeding the calyx lobes; leaves linear to lanceolate, margins entire"	Peristrophe
48	"Bracts equal in length, shorter than the calyx lobes; leaves elliptical to ovate, margins conspicuously toothed"	Strobilanthes
49	"Calyx 3-5 mm long"	50
49	"Calyx 8-27 mm long"	51
50	"Leaves broadly lanceolate, 3-5 times longer than wide; cystoliths circular to rod-shaped on same leaf; fruits cylindrical"	"Andrographis paniculata"
50	"Leaves broadly elliptic to broadly ovate, 1.5-2.3 times longer than wide; cystoliths all rod-shaped; fruits club-shaped"	Rhaphidospora
51	"Leaves persistently hairy; inflorescence terminal, with a prominent central rachis"	Brillantaisia
51	"Fully expanded leaves glabrous; inflorescences arising from leaf axils"	52
52	"Corolla scarlet to red, lobes small, +/- erect; cystoliths 0.2-0.3 mm long; fruits club-shaped"	"Stephanophysum longifolium"
52	"Corolla purple, lobes large, spreading; cystoliths 0.1-0.25 mm long; fruits cylindrical"	Ruellia