1	"All florets ligulate; plants usually with milky latex: Group A"	2
1	"At least the inner florets of each capitulum tubular; milky latex absent"	22
2	"Ligules blue to purple"	3
2	"Ligules yellow"	5
3	"Basal leaves absent; plant lacking milky latex"	Minuria
3	"Basal leaves forming a conspicuous cluster or rosette; plant with milky latex"	4
4	"Basal leaves runcinate; pappus of scale"	Cichorium
4	"Basal leaves entire; pappus of plumose bristles"	Tragopogon
5	"Leaves basal in a flat rosette; stems Ieafless or almost so, often reduced to unbranched scapes or absent"	6
5	"Leaves basal and cauline; stems leafy"	12
6	"Capitula sessile at ground level; flowering stems absent"	Crepis
6	"Capitula borne above ground level on flowering stems"	7
7	"Flowering stems branched, with scale-leaves"	8
7	"Flowering stems reduced to naked unbranched scapes"	9
8	"Capitula sessile in the axils of reduced leaves along the branches of a tough stem"	Chondrilla
8	"Capitula terminal on the corymbose branches of a weak hollow scape"	Hypochoeris
9	"Pappus of the outer achenes reduced to a scarious crown c.1 mm long; forked hairs present on leaves"	Leontodon
9	"Pappus of all achenes similar, consisting of bristles over 1 mm long; forked hairs absent"	10
10	"Achenes beakless; pappus of acuminate scales produced into bristles"	Microseris
10	"All or most achenes with filiform beaks; pappus of bristles"	11
11	"Receptacle with long scarious scales; leaves sinuatedentate to pinnatifid"	Hypochoeris
11	"Receptacle naked; leaves runcinated"	Taraxacum
12	"Pappus of the outer achenes reduced to a minute crown"	13
12	"Pappus of all achenes similar, never crown-like"	14
13	"Outer bracts of involucre minute, appressed"	Hedypnois
13	"Outer bracts of involucre large, subulate, upcurved and loosely spreading"	Tolpis
14	"Involucral bracts uniseriate, connate below"	Urospermum
14	"Involucral bracts 2-6-seriate, free"	15
15	"Pappus absent"	Lapsana
15	"Pappus of hairs or bristles"	16
16	"Achenes beaked"	17
16	"Achenes beakless"	18
17	"Capitula mostly axillary and subsessile along the branches of the panicle"	Lactuca
17	"Capitula all terminal"	Crepis
18	"Plant prickly with stiff mostly hooked hairs"	Picris
18	"Plant glabrous or with soft minute hairs"	19
19	"Pappus of plumose bristles"	Scorzonera
19	"Pappus of fine simple to barbellate hairs"	20
20	"Ligules purplish at the base; achenes tuberculate"	Reichardia
20	"Ligules pure yellow; achenes not tuberculate"	21
21	"Achenes terete"	Crepis
21	"Achenes flattened"	Sonchus
22	"Capitula unisexual; female capitula forming burrs which fall intact with the achenes: Group B"	23
22	"Capitula bisexual or, if rarely unisexual, the female capitula not forming burrs but shedding the ripe achenes"	24
23	"Female capitula 1-flowered; involucral bracts of the male capitula connate"	Ambrosia
23	"Female capitula 2-flowered; involucral bracts of the male capitula free"	Xanthium
24	"Some or all involucre bracts with pungent terminal spines: Group C"	25
24	"All involucral bracts without terminal spines"	34
25	"Leaves without spines"	26
25	"Leaves with spine-tipped lobes or a spiny margin"	27
26	"Capitula discoid; involucral bracts closely imbricate"	Centaurea
26	"Capitula radiate; involucral bracts leaf-like"	Pallenis
27	"Pappus of free scales"	28
27	"Pappus of bristles connate in a ring at the base"	29
28	"Pappus scales entire, minute"	Berkheya
28	"Pappus scales fringed, the longest one 5-10 mm long"	Carthamus
29	"Involucral bracts each terminating in an appendage with several pinnately arranged spines"	Picnomon
29	"Involucral bracts each terminating in a single spine"	30
30	"Leaves variegated with a white net-veined pattern"	Silybum
30	"Leaves never variegated"	31
31	"Receptacle naked, honeycombed-pitted"	Onopordum
31	"Receptacle densely hairy"	32
32	"Pappus bristles barbellate"	Carduus
32	"Pappus bristles plumose"	33
33	"Receptacle and involucral bract bases cartilaginous"	Cirsium
33	"Receptacle and involucral bract bases fleshy"	Cynara
34	"Capitula sessile on a common receptacle and surrounded by a common involucral or so crowded as to be indistinct without dissection, forming a compound head: Group D"	35
34	"Capitula separate, if ever in a dense inflorescence then on distinct pedicels, without a common involucre"	58
35	"Leaves opposite"	Flaveria
35	"Leaves all or mostly alternate"	36
36	"Branches winged; leaves mostly serrulate"	37
36	"Branches terete; leaves entire"	38
37	"Pappus of barbellate bristles"	Pterocaulon
37	"Pappus absent"	Sphaeranthus
38	"Common involucre of white or scarious bracts"	39
38	"Common involucre of green leaves or absent"	40
39	"Compound heads solitary, discoid, with a flat common receptacle"	Myriocephalus
39	"Compound heads grouped in globose clusters; common receptacle minute"	Basedowia
40	"Capitula heterogamous, the outer florets female, with filiform corollas, the inner ones bisexual and tubular"	41
40	"Capitula homogamous"	45
41	"Leaves petiolate"	Stuartina
41	"Leaves sessile"	42
42	"Inner florets sterile; pappus absent"	Evax
42	"Inner florets fertile; pappus of bristles"	43
43	"Capitular involucral bracts tapered into awns c. 1 mm long"	Filago
43	"Capitular involucral bracts with scarious awnless apices"	44
44	"Compound heads manifestly terminal"	Gnaphalium
44	"Compound heads appearing axillary, each overtopped by a branch arising immediately below"	Logfia
45	"Capitular involucral bracts with conspicuous white or pink petaloid laminae"	Cephalipterum
45	"Capitular involucral bracts herbaceous or with inconspicuous scarious-hyaline apices"	46
46	"Inflorescences each sessile at ground level in a rosette of leaves"	47
46	"Inflorescences terminal on aerial stems or scapes"	48
47	"Pappus of 4 or 5 stiff bristles connate at the base"	Actinobole
47	"Pappus absent"	Chthonocephalus
48	"Achene attached obliquely to the floret; pappus an asymmetric scarious scale"	Pleuropappus
48	"Achene attached symmetrically to the floret; pappus symmetric or absent"	49
49	"Compound head more than twice as long as wide"	50
49	"Compound head up to twice as long as wide"	51
50	"Capitula subtended by scarious-hyaline bracts similar to the capitular involucral bracts; achenes brown"	Angianthus
50	"Capitula subtended by broad rounded scarious bracts herbaceous at the base, dissimilar to the capitular involucral bracts; achenes purplish"	Chrysocoryne
51	"Pappus absent"	52
51	"Pappus present, consisting of a scarious cup or of bristles"	55
52	"Common involucre absent; florets 20-40 per capitulum"	Eriochlamys
52	"Common involucre present; florets I or 2 per capitulum"	53
53	"Florets 2 per capitulum, mostly 3-merous"	Angianthus
53	"Floret I per capitulum, 5-merous"	54
54	"Leaves densely hairy"	Gnephosis
54	"Leaves hairy at the base only"	Pogonolepis
55	"Pappus much shorter than the corolla"	Gnephosis
55	"Pappus subequal to the corolla"	56
56	"Compound heads overtopped by the surrounding leaves"	Blennospora
56	"Compound heads not overtopped"	57
57	"Achenes glabrous to papillose"	Calocephalus
57	"Achenes sericeous"	Craspedia
58	"Leaves mostly opposite (those near the summit of flowering stems often alternate): Group E"	59
58	"Leaves mostly alternate or all radical"	74
59	"Involucral bracts scarious"	60
59	"Involucral bracts herbaceous"	64
60	"Pappus of scales or absent"	61
60	"Pappus of bristles"	62
61	"Pappus absent"	Epaltes
61	"Pappus of large obovate scales"	Rutidosis
62	"Capitula sessile in the forks of dichotomous branches"	Chondropyxis
62	"Capitula terminal on peduncles or branches"	63
63	"Pappus bristles barbellate"	Helichrysum
63	"Pappus bristles plumose"	Helipterum
64	"Involucre narrow-cylindric, uniseriate, with bracts fused for almost their entire length"	Tagetes
64	"Involucre campanulate to hemispherical, 2- or 3-seriate, with bracts fused near the base only or free"	65
65	"Capitula homogamous, crowded in dense panicles"	Ageratina
65	"Capitula heterogamous, never crowded"	66
66	"Disk florets sterile; receptacle naked"	Minuria
66	"Disk florets fertile; receptacle with scales or hairs"	67
67	"Leaves pale-grey beneath, green above"	Verbesina
67	"Leaves concolourous, green"	68
68	"Capitula axillary"	Eclipta
68	"Capitula terminal"	69
69	"Pappus of the disk achenes over 1.5 mm long, of long scales or spines"	70
69	"Pappus of the disk achenes much less than I mm long or absent"	72
70	"Ligules 2-3 cm long, yellow with a purple base"	Gaillardia
70	"Ligules 1-3 mm long, white, or absent"	71
71	"Pappus of 2 or 3 barbed spines"	Bidens
71	"Pappus of numerous lanceolate fimbriate scales"	Galinsoga
72	"Ligules 1-2 mm long; achenes terete"	Sigesbeckia
72	"Ligules 7-30 mm long; achenes flattened"	73
73	"Receptacular scales membranous; disk florets brown"	Helianthus
73	"Receptacular scales herbaceous; disk florets yellow"	Wedelia
74	"Capitula radiate, with 1-3 series of ligulate florets surrounding the inner tubular florets"	75
74	"Capitula discoid, without ligulate florets"	115
75	"Pappus at least as long as the ripe achene, usually of bristles, rarely of large scales or awns: Group F"	76
75	"Pappus much shorter than the ripe achene, of scales, awns, a minute crown or absent: Group G"	94
76	"Involucral bracts not imbricate, in series, sometimes with a few much smaller bracteoles at the base of the involucre"	77
76	"Involucral bracts imbricate in 2 to several unequal series"	78
77	"Pappus a mass of tangled woolly hairs"	Euryops
77	"Pappus a tuft of erect silky bristles"	Senecio
78	"Fruiting heads burr-like; pappus of stiff barbed awns"	Calotis
78	"Fruiting head never burr-like; pappus of scales or fine soft bristles"	79
79	"Pappus of scales or of scales and bristles"	80
79	"Pappus of bristles only"	82
80	"Leaves densely white-tomentose, mostly pinnately dissected"	Arctotis
80	"Leaves green, glabrous to pubescent, entire"	81
81	"Leaves terete, basal, glabrous"	Achnophora
81	"Leaves flat, cauline, pubescent"	Dimorphocoma
82	"Involucral bracts with broad scarious laminae, the inner ones raised on narrower green claws; ligules deeply 3-5-lobed"	Podolepis
82	"Involucral bracts herbaceous, with narrow scarious-hyaline margins, never clawed; ligules entire or subentire"	83
83	"Ligules and disk florets all yellow"	84
83	"Ligules white to blue or pink; disk florets a contrasting colour, usually yellow or violet"	87
84	"Achenes beaked"	Ixiochlamys
84	"Achenes beakless"	85
85	"Dwarf shrub with terete semisucculent leaves"	Kippistia
85	"Herbs with flat non-succulent leaves"	86
86	"Annual, sticky and aromatic due to glandular hairs; anthers tailed at the base"	Dittrichia
86	"Perennial with rhizomes, non-glandular; anthers obtuse at the base"	Solidago
87	"Disk florets sterile, producing abortive achenes"	Minuria
87	"Disk achenes fertile"	88
88	"Shrubs or undershrubs with woody stems"	89
88	Herbs	90
89	"Ray florets uniseriate"	Olearia
89	"Ray florets 2- or 3-seriate"	Vittadinia
90	"Involucral bracts a dark brown-purple, with white margins"	Dichromochlamys
90	"Involucral bracts green"	91
91	"Capitula numerous in panicles"	92
91	"Capitula solitary or in loose groups of 2-4"	93
92	"Plant glabrous"	Aster
92	"Plant pubescent to scabridulous"	Conyza
93	"Ripe achenes c. I mm long; pappus 1-2 mm long; style branches with triangular appendages"	Erigeron
93	"Ripe achenes 2.5-10 mm long; pappus 3.5-9 mm long; style branches with linear-subulate appendages"	Vittadinia
94	"Achenes drupe-like, with an outer fleshy layer; shrub with an erect woody trunk"	Chrysanthemoides
94	"Achenes dry; herbs or weakly woody undershrubs"	95
95	"Pappus of minute barbed awns"	96
95	"Pappus of minute bristles or scales, sometimes fused into a crown or absent"	97
96	"Achenes broadly winged, hairy"	Calotis
96	"Achenes wingless, linear, glabrous"	Glossogyne
97	"Leaves grey-white tomentose beneath, less hairy and more or less green above"	98
97	"Leaves concolourous, green"	100
98	"Achenes glabrous; pappus absent"	Cymbonotus
98	"Achenes densely hairy; pappus of minute scales"	99
99	"Involucral bracts free"	Arctotheca
99	"Involucral bracts partially connate"	Gazania
100	"Receptacle with large bract-like scales subtending the disk florets"	101
100	"Receptacle naked"	105
101	"Capitula numerous in dense compound corymbs"	Achillea
101	"Capitula solitary or few in loose cymes"	102
102	"Receptacular scales persistent, forming an accrescent hard fruiting head"	Erodiophyllum
102	"Receptacular scales deciduous"	103
103	"Ligules yellow; achenes flattened, scarious-winged"	Anacyclus
103	"Ligules white; achenes 3-5-angled obovoid, wingless"	104
104	"Annuals; receptacular scales subulate"	Anthemis
104	"Perennial; receptacular scales broadly oblong"	Chamaemelum
105	"Disk florets sterile, not producing achenes"	106
105	"Disk florets fertile"	109
106	"Achenes all similar, wingless"	107
106	"Achenes polymorphic or broadly scarious-winged"	108
107	"Achenes terete, beakless; leaves cauline"	Calotis
107	"Achenes flattened, beaked; leaves basal"	Lagenifera
108	"Ray florets 2- or 3-seriate"	Calendula
108	"Ray florets uniseriate"	Osteospermum
109	Shrub	Argyranthemum
109	"Annual or perennial herbs"	110
110	"Receptacle flat; involucre uniseriate"	Dimorphotheca
110	"Receptacle steeply convex to conical; involucre 2-4- seriate"	111
111	"Involucral bracts with very narrow scarious-hyaline margins; plant sometimes with sparse glands but never aromatic"	Brachycome
111	"Involucral bracts with thinly scarious expanded obtuse apices; plant aromatic with chamomile-like odour"	112
112	"Leaves serrate or dentate"	Leucanthemum
112	"Leaves pinnatisect to tripinnatisect"	113
113	"Ligules yellow; ray achenes narrowly 3-winged, disk achenes mostly 1-winged"	Chrysanthemum
113	"Ligules white; all achenes similar, wingless, ribbed"	114
114	"Annual; capitula in loose cymes"	Matricaria
114	"Perennial with rhizomes; capitula in dense compound corymbs"	Tanacetum
115	"Involucral bracts uniseriate or almost so, equal, never imbricate (always herbaceous): Group H"	116
115	"Involucral bracts 2-many-seriate, usually unequal, imbricate (herbaceous, scarious, cartilaginous or papery)"	122
116	"Pappus of bristles or awned scales, longer than the achene"	117
116	"Pappus absent or shorter than the achene"	118
117	"Capitula mostly solitary or paired in leaf axils; pappus of awned scales"	Quinetia
117	"Capitula in a terminal panicle; pappus of bristles"	Senecio
118	"Capitula heterogamous, axillary or apparently so in a leafy inflorescence"	119
118	"Capitula homogamous, terminal and solitary"	120
119	"Annual; achenes with wings produced into horn-like apical appendages"	Ceratogyne
119	"Perennial with rhizome; achenes without wings or appendages"	Iva
120	"Achene with an apical cup"	Scyphocoronis
120	"Achene with an apical beak"	121
121	"Involucral bracts 6-18; achene beak straight"	Millotia
121	"Involucral bracts 3-5; achene beak curved"	Toxanthes
122	"Shrubs with persistent woody stems: Group I"	123
122	"Annual or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubby with a short woody base"	132
123	"Branches spine-tipped"	Acanthocladium
123	"Spines absent"	124
124	"Pappus absent"	125
124	"Pappus present, of bristles"	127
125	"Leaves pinnately dissected; capitula heterogamous"	Artemisia
125	"Leaves entire; capitula homogamous"	126
126	"Involucral bracts all pale, scarious, without petaloid laminae"	Haeckeria
126	"Involucral bracts greenish, the inner series with conspicuous white spreading petaloid laminae"	Ixodia
127	"Pappus bristles plumose; plant dioecious"	Cratystylis
127	"Pappus bristles simple to barbellate; plant never dioecious"	128
128	"Capitula heterogamous, with the outer female florets surrounding bisexual or functionally male inner florets"	129
128	"Capitula homogamous"	130
129	"Female florets uniseriate; inner florets fertile, producing achenes"	Olearia
129	"Female florets multiseriate; inner florets functionally male, not producing achenes"	Pluchea
130	"Receptacle naked"	Helichrysum
130	"Receptacle with scarious scales"	131
131	"Leaf apex bilobed"	Helichrysum
131	"Leaf apex entire, acute"	Cassinia
132	"Pappus absent or a vestigial scarious cup: Group J"	133
132	"Pappus of bristles or scales at least subequal to the achene: Group K"	144
133	"Stems with decurrent wings; all or the inner Involucral bracts with white petaloid laminae"	134
133	"Stems wingless; Involucral bracts without petaloid laminae"	135
134	"Plant non-glandular, with whitish tomentum; white bract laminae many-seriate"	Ammobium
134	"Plant glandular-viscid, glabrous; white bract laminae uniseriate"	Ixodia
135	"Leaves simple, entire to dentate"	136
135	"Leaves pinnately dissected"	139
136	"Leaves all in a basal rosette"	Solenogyne
136	"Leaves cauline"	137
137	"Capitula solitary on terminal peduncles"	Cotula
137	"Capitula either in terminal panicles or axillary and almost sessile"	138
138	"Achenes with 4 obtuse pubescent ribs"	Centipeda
138	"Achenes finely 8-1 0-ribbed, glabrous except for a few bristles at the base"	Epaltes
139	"Florets raised above the receptacle on minute pedicels which persist when the achenes have fallen"	Cotula
139	"Florets sessile on the receptacle, which appears slightly pitted when the achenes have fallen"	140
140	"Capitula sessile among the leaves; achenes with a pungent apical spine"	Solvia
140	"Capitula pedunculate; achenes spineless"	141
141	"Capitula solitary or in corymbs of 2 or 3"	142
141	"Capitula numerous in dense compound corymbs"	143
142	"Plant subglabrous; florets 4-merous"	Matricaria
142	"Plant greyish-tomentose; florets 5-merous"	Pentzia
143	"Leaves 2-4 cm long; florets all bisexual, 4-merous"	Pentzia
143	"Leaves 5-20 cm long; inner florets bisexual, 5-merous; outer florets female, 3-merous, rarely absent"	Tanacetum
144	"Some leaves serrate to deeply dissected; corollas pink to purple"	145
144	"All leaves entire; corollas orange, yellow or white"	149
145	"Capitula numerous in dense panicles; fertile achenes lacking a pappus"	Epaltes
145	"Capitula solitary or in loose cymes of 2-5; fertile achenes with a pappus"	146
146	"Cauline leaves all pinnatisect with narrow-linear segments"	Crupina
146	"Cauline leaves dentate to entire"	147
147	"Involucres ovoid, the inner bracts with fringed apices far exceeded by the florets"	Acroptilon
147	"Involucres hemispherical to broadly campanulate, the inner bracts with entire apices subequal to the florets"	148
148	"Inner florets functionally male, with abortive achenes"	Pluchea
148	"Inner florets fertile"	Streptoglossa
149	"Involucral bracts uniformly scarious to herbaceous, never clawed"	150
149	"Inner and intermediate Involucral bracts manifestly divided into a cartilaginous-herbaceous claw and a scarious, papery or plumose lamina"	158
150	"Stemless plant with linear leaves and capitula sessile at ground level"	Isoetopsis
150	"Capitula on stems above ground level; leaves never linear"	151
151	"Involucral bracts linear, cartilaginous-herbaceous, with distinct scarious apices"	Ixiolaena
151	"Involucral bracts not as above"	152
152	"All florets tubular, bisexual"	153
152	"Outer florets filiform, female"	155
153	"Pappus bristles barbellate"	Apalochlamys
153	"Pappus bristles plumose"	154
154	"Involucre scarious"	Helipterum
154	"Involucre herbaceous"	Podotheca
155	"Inner florets sterile with abortive achenes; pappus of outer fertile achenes of large scales"	Elachanthus
155	"All florets producing achenes; pappus of capillary bristles"	156
156	"Capitula pedunculate in a large panicle; involucral bracts herbaceous"	Conyza
156	"Capitula sessile to subsessile in dense clusters; involucral bracts scarious"	157
157	"Capitula green to brown or stramineous"	Gnaphalium
157	"Capitula yellow"	Pseudognaphalium
158	"Pappus of spathulate scales"	Rutidosis
158	"Pappus of bristles"	159
159	"Laminae of the Involucral bracts conspicuous, petaloid, papery, white to coloured"	160
159	"Laminae of the Involucral bracts inconspicuous, scarious to plumose, never petaloid and white or coloured"	164
160	"Achenes filiform-beaked"	Waitzia
160	"Achenes beakless"	161
161	"Pappus bristles plumose from the base"	Helipterum
161	"Pappus bristles barbellate (rarely plumose at the apex only)"	162
162	"Capitula solitary or few in loose cymes"	Helichrysum
162	"Capitula numerous in dense clusters"	163
163	"Bract laminae yellow; pappus bristles plumose at the apex"	Helichrysum
163	"Bract laminae white; pappus bristles finely barbellate to the apex"	Vellereophyton
164	"Bract laminae filiform-subulate, densely plumose"	Asteridea
164	"Bract laminae flat, entire to long-ciliate on the margins"	165
165	"Bract laminae ciliate"	166
165	"Bract laminae not ciliate"	168
166	"Achenes with a distinct sterile beak"	Leptorhynchos
166	"Achenes beakless"	167
167	"Capitula sessile, surrounded and usually exceeded by a cluster of leaves; pappus bristles dilated and flattened at the base"	Triptilodiscus
167	"Capitula pedunculate, not surrounded by a cluster of leaves; pappus bristles filiform"	"Helichrysum complex (see Helichrysum)"
168	"Achenes with a distinct sterile beak"	Leptorhynchos
168	"Achenes beakless"	169
169	"Involucre consisting mainly of broad-ovate scarious bract laminae, the inner ones with narrow-linear claws concealed by the outer bracts"	Podolepis
169	"Involucre consisting mainly of exposed linear cartilaginous-herbaceous claws, sometimes with scarious-hyaline margins, bearing shorter scarious laminae"	170
170	"Corollas overhanging the margin of the involucre; achenes 3- or 4-ribbed"	Ixiolaena
170	"Corollas not overhanging the involucre; achenes ribless"	Helichrysum