1	"Culms woody; leaves pseudopetiolate"	2
1	"Culms usually herbaceous; if woody the leaves not pseudopetiolate"	5
2	"Culms forming climbing vines"	"Mullerochloa {Mullerochloa moreheadiana}"
2	"Culms not forming climbing vines"	3
3	"Auricles with bristles to 10 mm long"	"Neololeba {Neololeba atra}"
3	"Auricles without bristles"	4
4	"Culms cylindrical in cross section"	Bambusa
4	"Culms with an internodal groove on alternate sides"	Phyllostachys
5	"Leaves spirally arranged"	Micraira
5	"Leaves arranged in two rows"	6
6	"Spikelets morphologically or functionally unisexual"	7
6	"Spikelets bisexual"	20
7	"Spikelets with 1 floret, or more than 2 florets"	8
7	"Spikelets with 2 florets"	12
8	"Spikelets with 1 floret; male and female spikelets on same plant"	9
8	"Spikelets with more than 2 florets; male and female spikelets on different plants"	10
9	"Lemma asymmetrical with a ±lateral orifice"	"Leptaspis {Leptaspis banksii}"
9	"Lemma pyriform with a terminal orifice"	Scrotochloa
10	"Short grasses with a compact raceme"	"Distichlis {Distichlis distichophylla}"
10	"Tall reed-like grasses with a plumose panicle"	11
11	"Leaf blades with only the midrib prominent and strongly sclerified"	Cortaderia
11	"Leaf blades with several wide strongly sclerified veins (including midrib)"	Austroderia
12	"Upper lemma membranous, thinner than glumes"	13
12	"Upper lemma hardened, thicker than glumes"	16
13	"Male and female spikelets in separate inflorescences"	"Zea {Zea mays subsp. mexicana}"
13	"Male and female spikelets in different parts of the same inflorescence"	14
14	"Inflorescence consisting of a female spikelet enclosed in a rigid shell, from which a raceme of male spikelets emerges apically"	Coix
14	"Inflorescence spike-like with female spikelets basal and male apical"	15
15	"Internode broader than and ± enclosing female spikelet"	Chionachne
15	"Internode narrower  than and ± enclosed by female spikelet"	Tripsacum
16	"Plants monoecioeus, i.e. with male and female spikelets on the same plant"	17
16	"Plants dioecious i.e. with male and female spikelets on different plants"	18
17	"Inflorescence a simple raceme, with 1-2 female spikelets at the base, the upper spikelets male"	"Thuarea {Thuarea involuta}"
17	"Inflorescence a spike-like panicle with racemes of female spikelets below and solitary male spikelets above"	Hygrochloa
18	"Inflorescence a contracted, spike-like panicle, not spatheate"	Cenchrus
18	"Inflorescences clustered together in dense, umbel-like spatheate heads"	19
19	"Female heads with long stiff spines; inhabits coastal dunes"	Spinifex
19	"Female inflorescences bracteate but not spiny; inhabits desert sand dunes"	"Zygochloa {Zygochloa paradoxa}"
20	"Spikelets with 1 to many florets, if 2-flowered both florets or lower one bisexual"	21
20	"Spikelets 2-flowered, lower floret male or barren, upper bisexual or female"	172
21	"Inflorescence a solitary bilateral spike or raceme; spikelets usually with the broad side facing the axis"	22
21	"Inflorescence a panicle or a unilateral or multilateral spike or raceme, rarely a bilateral spike but then the spikelets edgewise on to the axis"	38
22	"Lemmas 3-5-nerved, hyaline to membranous"	23
22	"Lemmas 5-10-nerved, hardened at maturity"	26
23	"Lemmas awned"	"Psilurus {Psilurus incurvus}"
23	"Lemmas not awned"	24
24	"Spikelets compressed laterally"	Parapholis
24	"Spikelets compressed dorsiventrally"	25
25	"Lemmas with lateral nerves extending to the apex"	Lepturus
25	"Lemmas with very short lateral nerves"	"Hainardia {Hainardia cylindrica}"
26	"Rachilla terminated by a fertile floret"	Tetrarrhena
26	"Rachilla prolonged beyond the uppermost fertile floret"	27
27	"Spikelets in groups of more than 2 at each rachis node"	28
27	"Spikelets solitary at each rachis node"	30
28	"Spikelet 4-5-flowered, in groups of 2-4 (-7)"	Leymus
28	"Spikelet 1-flowered, in groups of 2 or 3"	29
29	"Spikelets in pairs at each rachis node"	"Taeniatherum {Taeniatherum caput-medusae}"
29	"Spikelets in 3s at each rachis node"	Hordeum
30	Annuals	31
30	Perennials	34
31	"Glumes not keeled"	Brachypodium
31	"Glumes strongly keeled"	32
32	"Glumes subulate"	"Secale {Secale cereale}"
32	"Glumes not subulate"	33
33	"Lemmas with nerves converging upwards"	Eremopyrum
33	"Lemmas with nerves not converging upwards"	"Triticum {Triticum aestivum}"
34	"Rachis fragile, smooth"	Thinopyrum
34	"Rachis tough, scabrous"	35
35	"Plant with long creeping rhizomes"	Elytrigia
35	"Plant tufted, or with short rhizomes"	36
36	"Leaf blades ± flat; glumes ± scabrous on nerves"	Anthosachne
36	"Leaf blades usually convolute or involute; glumes smooth"	37
37	"Rachis internodes concave; glumes subacute to pointed"	Australopyrum
37	"Rachis internodes nearly flat; glumes truncate"	Thinopyrum
38	"Fertile lemmas deeply or distinctly lobed"	39
38	"Fertile lemmas entire, dentate or slightly lobed"	42
39	"Spikelets 1-flowered"	Amphipogon
39	"Spikelets 2-or more-flowered, rarely 1-flowered"	40
40	"Lemmas 9-lobed"	Enneapogon
40	"Lemmas 3-lobed"	41
41	"Inflorescence a 1-sided raceme"	Astrebla
41	"Inflorescence a panicle or spike"	Triodia
42	"Leaf blades hard, woody, needle-like"	Triodia
42	"Leaf blades not hard, woody, needle-like"	43
43	"Leaf blades with transverse veins between main veins"	44
43	"Leaf blades without transverse veins"	45
44	"Glumes more or less equal; upper glume 7-nerved; lemmas awned"	"Lophatherum {Lophatherum gracile}"
44	"Glumes very unequal; upper glume 3-5-nerved; lemmas mucronate"	Centotheca
45	"Tall reed-like plants"	46
45	"Plants not tall and reed-like"	47
46	"Lemmas hairy; rachilla not hairy"	"Arundo {Arundo donax}"
46	"Lemmas not hairy; rachilla hairy"	Phragmites
47	"Spikelets with 2 or more bisexual florets or if only one, with rachilla extension or sterile florets (empty lemmas) above it"	48
47	"Spikelets with 1 bisexual floret, with or without male or sterile florets (empty lemmas) below it"	133
48	"Spikelets with 3 or more florets or with 1or 2 florets and a rachilla extended beyond the upper floret"	49
48	"Spikelets with 2 florets, without a rachilla extension"	132
49	"Inflorescence racemose or spicate, or digitate or non-digitate"	50
49	"Inflorescence a panicle"	75
50	"Inflorescence digitate or subdigitate"	51
50	"Inflorescence racemose or spicate"	62
51	"Spikelet with at least 3 fertile florets"	52
51	"Spikelet with 1 (rarely 2) fertile florets"	55
52	"Axis of each inflorescence branch ending in a bristle; spikelet-bearing axis disarticulating"	Dactyloctenium
52	"Axis of each inflorescence branch ending in a spikelet; spikelet-bearing axis not disarticulating"	53
53	"Spikelets 2-5; lemma 5-7-nerved; leaves mostly basal, setaceous"	"Cyperochloa {Cyperochloa hirsuta}"
53	"Spikelets many; lemma 3-nerved; leaves not basally aggregated or setaceous"	54
54	"Lemmas mucronate to shortly awned; upper glume 1-nerved"	"Acrachne {Acrachne racemosa}"
54	"Lemmas muticous; upper glumes 3-7-nerved"	Eleusine
55	"Spikelet with 1 floret; lemmas unawned"	56
55	"Spikelet with 2 or more florets; lemmas awned"	57
56	"Glumes shorter than floret"	Cynodon
56	"Glumes longer than floret"	Brachyachne
57	"Lowest lemma dorsally compressed (lying on front or back when placed on a flat surface)"	58
57	"Lowest lemma laterally compressed (lying on the side when placed on a flat surface)"	59
58	"Glumes unequal, shorter than florets"	Enteropogon
58	"Glumes subequal, longer than florets"	"Austrochloris {Austrochloris dichanthioides}"
59	"Inflorescence with more than 40 branches"	"Eustachys {Eustachys distichophylla}"
59	"Inflorescence with less than 20 branches"	60
60	"Awn of lowest lemma less than 2 mm long"	"x Cynochloris"
60	"Awn of lowest lemma more than 3 mm long"	61
61	"Lemmas very broad, wing-like"	"Oxychloris {Oxychloris scariosa}"
61	"Lemmas not very broad, not wing-like"	Chloris
62	"Spikelets unilateral (borne on one side of the inflorescence axis)"	63
62	"Spikelets bilateral or multilateral (borne on opposite sides or all round the inflorescence axis)"	70
63	"Spikelet with many fertile florets"	64
63	"Spikelet with one fertile floret"	66
64	"Lower glume 5-nerved; lemma 7-nerved"	Tribolium
64	"Lower glume 1-nerved; lemma 1-3-nerved"	65
65	"Lemma mucronate to shortly awned; spikelet rachilla and callus not hairy"	"Tripogon {Tripogon loliiformis}"
65	"Lemma awnless; spikelet rachilla and callus hairy"	"Eragrostiella {Eragrostiella bifaria var. bifaria}"
66	"One glume only developed"	67
66	"Both glumes well developed"	68
67	"Spikelet with one floret; lemma 3-nerved"	"Nardus {Nardus stricta}"
67	"Spikelet with many florets; lemma 3-nerved"	Lolium
68	"Spikelets falling entire; spikelets 6-18 mm long"	Spartina
68	"Spikelets fragmenting above glumes; spikelets less than 5.5 mm long"	69
69	"Spikelets shortly pedicellate"	Mibora
69	"Spikelets sessile"	"Microchloa {Microchloa indica}"
70	"Spikelets disarticulating above glumes; rachilla extending beyond upper floret"	71
70	"Spikelets falling with glumes; rachilla terminated by a floret"	73
71	"Spikelets sessile, partially embedded in the rachis"	"Gaudinia {Gaudinia fragilis}"
71	"Spikelets pedicelled, not embedded in the rachis"	72
72	"Lemmas awned; glumes not keeled"	Vulpia
72	"Lemmas awnless; glumes keeled"	Catapodium
73	"Inflorescence a true spike; spikelets sessile, sunken in hollows along the axis"	Pholiurus
73	"Inflorescence a spike-like raceme or spike-like panicle; spikelets at least shortly pedicellate and not sunken in hollows"	74
74	"Spikelets burr-like with hooked spines"	"Tragus {Tragus australianus}"
74	"Spikelets not burr-like"	Zoysia
75	"Glumes usually shorter than lowest floret and with the upper florets distinctly exserted; lemmas awnless or with a straight or curved awn from an entire or bifid apex, or several-awned or lobed"	76
75	"Glumes (or the longer one) at least as long as or longer than the lowest floret, often as long as the spikelet and enclosing the florets; lemmas awnless or more often awned from the back or from the sinus of a 2-lobed tip, the awn usually geniculate, rarely the awn straight or curved from the tip"	106
76	"Lemmas 1-3-nerved"	77
76	"Lemmas 5-many nerved"	88
77	"Lemmas 3-awned"	"Triraphis {Triraphis mollis}"
77	"Lemmas 1-awned or without awns"	78
78	"Lemmas notched, toothed or lobed"	79
78	"Lemmas entire"	83
79	"Spikelets borne in leaf-sheath axils"	"Psammagrostis {Psammagrostis wiseana}"
79	"Spikelets not borne in leaf-sheath axils"	80
80	"Lemma base often indurate, sometimes 5-nerved"	Disakisperma
80	"Lemma base soft and 3-nerved"	81
81	"Ligule apex acute to attenuate"	"Diplachne {Diplachne fusca}"
81	"Ligule apex usually trunate to obtuse"	82
82	"Panicle branches arranged in racemes along rachis; ligule apex erose or entire but never ciliate"	Dinebra
82	"Panicle branches digitate to sub-digitate inserted along the rachis usually with two or more branches per node; ligule apex ciliate"	Leptochloa
83	"Lemmas awned"	84
83	"Lemmas not awned"	85
84	"Spikelets in globose clusters; palea winged"	"Elytrophorus {Elytrophorus spicatus}"
84	"Spikelets in dense to loose panicles; palea not winged"	Ectrosia
85	"Lemmas with winged keels"	Heterachne
85	"Lemmas without winged keels"	86
86	"Ligule membranous"	"Sphenopus {Sphenopus divaricatus}"
86	"Ligule a fringe of hairs"	87
87	"Lemmas 1-nerved"	"Thellungia {Thellungia advena}"
87	"Lemmas 3-nerved"	Eragrostis
88	"Ovary hairy at apex"	89
88	"Ovary glabrous at apex"	91
89	"Leaf sheath margins joined"	Bromus
89	"Leaf sheath margins free"	90
90	"Leaf blades 7-24 mm wide; lemmas bilobed"	"Dryopoa {Dryopoa dives}"
90	"Leaf blades 2-3 mm wide; lemmas 3-lobed"	Notochloë
91	"Spikelets dimorphous, with bisexual spikelets surrounded by sterile ones"	92
91	"Spikelets not dimorphous"	93
92	"Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes; spikelet-bearing axes persistent"	Cynosurus
92	"Spikelets disarticulating with the glumes; spikelet bearing axes disarticulating"	"Lamarckia {Lamarckia aurea}"
93	"Inflorescence a contracted panicle or a panicle of racemes"	94
93	"Inflorescence an open panicle"	98
94	"Glumes more or less equal"	95
94	"Glumes very unequal"	97
95	"Glumes not keeled"	"Melica {Melica ciliata}"
95	"Glumes keeled"	96
96	"Leaf blades up to 3 mm long and basal, if present"	"Spartochloa {Spartochloa scirpoidea}"
96	"Leaf blades well developed and not mainly basal"	Catapodium
97	"Glumes very dissimilar; lemmas awned"	Vulpia
97	"Glumes similar; lemmas awnless"	"Sclerochloa {Sclerochloa dura}"
98	"Spikelets almost as wide as long"	Briza
98	"Spikelets up to half as wide as long"	99
99	"Lemmas ± rounded or flattened on back, at least below"	100
99	"Lemmas keeled throughout"	101
100	"Lemmas 7-9-nerved; leaf sheath margins joined"	Glyceria
100	"Lemmas 5-nerved; leaf sheath margins free"	Puccinellia
101	"Leaves not basally aggregated; lemmas firmer than glumes, awned"	102
101	"Leaves mostly basal; lemmas similar in texture to glumes, awnless"	103
102	"Lemmas keeled; palea thinner than lemma"	"Dactylis {Dactylis glomerata}"
102	"Lemmas not keeled; palea with similar texture to lemma"	Festuca
103	"Lemma awned"	Hookerochloa
103	"Lemma unawned"	104
104	"Sheath of upper culm leaf with margins joined only at the nodal band; blades 4–15 mm wide, flat"	"Sylvipoa {Sylvipoa queenslandica}"
104	"Sheath of upper culm leaf with margins fused ?1 mm or more above the nodal band; blades mostly <5 mm wide, flat to inrolled"	105
105	"Uppermost culm sheath margins fused 1–3% of the length"	"Saxipoa {Saxipoa saxicola}"
105	"Uppermost culm sheath margins fused 25–35% of the length"	Poa
106	"Ligule membranous"	107
106	"Ligule a fringe of hairs, ciliate membrane or ciliate at margins"	116
107	"Lemmas 3-nerved"	"Avellinia {Avellinia michelii}"
107	"Lemmas 5-9-nerved"	108
108	"Lower floret male"	"Arrhenatherum {Arrhenatherum elatius}"
108	"Lower floret bisexual"	109
109	"Glumes more than 14 mm long"	Avena
109	"Glumes less than 10 mm long"	110
110	Annuals	111
110	Perennials	113
111	"Panicle spicate"	Rostraria
111	"Panicle open"	112
112	"Awn witha ring of hairs at junction of column and limb"	"Corynephorus {Corynephorus fasciculatus}"
112	"Awn without a ring of hairs"	Aira
113	"Lemmas 4-pointed, or 2-lobed with each lobe 2-pointed"	114
113	"Lemmas entire, 2-pointed or 2-lobed but not as above"	115
114	"Glumes long relative to the adjacent lemmas; leaves mostly basal"	Deschampsia
114	"Glumes shorter than the adjacent lemmas; leaves not basally aggregated"	Amphibromus
115	"Lemma awn 4-9 mm long, geniculate"	Trisetum
115	"Lemma awnless or with a short awn to 0.7 mm long"	"Koeleria {Koeleria macrantha}"
116	"Leaf sheaths of the lower leaves swollen and woolly or leaf blades hard, woody, needle-like"	117
116	"Leaf sheaths of the  ower leaves not swollen and woolly and leaf blades not hard, woody, needle-like"	118
117	"Spikelets with 3-8 fertile florets; leaf sheaths of the lower leaves swollen and woolly"	"Monachather {Monachather paradoxus}"
117	"Spikelets with 1 fertile floret; leaf blades hard, woody, needle-like"	Symplectrodia
118	"Lemmas awnless, sometimes mucronate"	119
118	"Lemmas distinctly awned"	123
119	"Lemmas entire, if mucronate, mucros apical"	Tribolium
119	"Lemmas bilobed; if mucronate, mucro is from an apical sinus"	120
120	"Grain not longitudinally grooved"	Schismus
120	"Grain longitudinally grooved"	121
121	"Lemma only hairy on the lower margins"	"Danthonia {Danthonia decumbens}"
121	"Lemma ± evenly pubescent or in tufts"	122
122	"Lemma ± evenly pubescent in lower half only/td>"	Plinthanthesis
122	"Lemma with hairs over whole surface or in tufts"	Rytidosperma
123	"Hilum ± 1/2 length of grain"	Chionochloa
123	"Hilum up to 1/3 length of grain"	124
124	"Lemma ± evenly pubescent in lower half only"	Plinthanthesis
124	"Lemma with hairs over whole surface or in tufts"	125
125	"Hairs on the lemma in two untidy rows, most of lemma surface glabrous and shiny; leaves often disarticulating from sheath"	Rytidosperma
125	"Hairs on the lemma forming a continuous indumentum, sometimes with tufts on the upper margin; leaves not disarticulating"	126
126	"Lemmas either distinctly hairy or awned"	127
126	"Lemmas neither distinctly hairy nor awned"	131
127	"Upper glume twice length of lower glume"	"Pheidochloa {Pheidochloa gracilis}"
127	"Glumes ± equal in length"	128
128	"Glumes (3-)5-11-nerved"	Eriachne
128	"Glumes 1-3-nerved"	129
129	"Bisexual florets 1 per spikelet"	Holcus
129	"Bisexual florets 2 per spikelet"	130
130	"Lemma awn dorsal"	Aira
130	"Lemma awn terminal"	Pentameris
131	"Both lemmas membranous, not hardened"	Periballia
131	"Lower lemma hardened"	"Coelachne {Coelachne pulchella}"
132	"Lemma ± evenly pubescent in lower half only/td>"	Plinthanthesis
132	"Lemma with hairs over whole surface or in tufts"	Rytidosperma
133	"Glumes absent or rudimentary"	134
133	"Glumes well developed"	136
134	"Spikelets 1-flowered"	Leersia
134	"Spikelets 3-flowered, the lower two reduced to sterile lemmas"	135
135	"Lemma and palea leathery to indurated"	Oryza
135	"Lemma and palea membranous"	"Potamophila {Potamophila parviflora}"
136	"Spikelets with 3 florets, the lower two reduced to sterile or male and sometime minute lemmas"	137
136	"Spikelets with 1 floret"	141
137	"Both sterile lemma with a hinge-like appendage"	Ehrharta
137	"Neither sterile lemmas with an appendage"	138
138	"Basal florets male"	Hierochloe
138	"Basal florets sterile"	139
139	"Glumes minute"	Microlaena
139	"Glumes relatively large"	140
140	"Sterile lemmas shorter than fertile floret; glumes winged"	Phalaris
140	"Sterile lemmas longer than fertile floret; glumes not winged"	Anthoxanthum
141	"Glumes much longer than lemma and with long awns"	Perotis
141	"glumes usually shorter than lemma and if awned only slightly so"	142
142	"Lemma terete or dorsally compressed"	143
142	"Lemma laterally compressed"	150
143	"Lemma with a 3-branched awn (very rarely 1-branched)"	144
143	"Lemma with a single undivided awn"	145
144	"Awns glabrous"	Aristida
144	"Awns plumose"	Stipagrostis
145	"Awn ± geniculate; spikelet base (callus) pointed, often long and pungent"	146
145	"Awn ± straight; spikelet base (callus) short and blunt"	149
146	"Lemma margins usually enclosing the palea; callus pungent; awn well developed and with a strongly-twisted column at maturity"	147
146	"Lemma margins not completely enclosing the palea; callus blunt; awns not as robust as above and the column only weakly developed at maturity"	148
147	"Hummock-forming perennial; awn almost circular in transverse section"	"Monodia {Monodia stipoides}"
147	"Annuals or perennials, not usually hummock-forming; awn flattened in transverse section"	Austrostipa
148	"Lemma apex and lower part of awn with hairs obscuring the base of the awn"	"Jarava {Jarava plumosa}"
148	"Lemma apex glabrous or slightly hairy, the hairs not obscuring the base of the awn"	Amelichloa
149	"Lemma smooth, with a deciduous awn"	"Piptatherum {Piptatherum miliaceum}"
149	"Lemma strongly scabrous, with a more or less persistent awn"	Nassella
150	"Lemmas coriaceous to indurated"	151
150	"Lemmas membranous to cartilaginous"	156
151	"Lemma awns non-geniculate"	152
151	"Lemma awns geniculate"	153
152	"Lemma with a 3-branched awn (very rarely 1-branched); spikelets with one floret"	Aristida
152	"Lemma with a single awn; spikelets with 2 florets (very rarely 1)"	Eriachne
153	"Lemma 1 awned and with an apical crown"	154
153	"Lemma 3-5 awned and without an apical crown"	155
154	"Awn at least 15 mm long; palea shorter than lemma, the lemma margins enclosing the palea"	Nassella
154	"Awn less than 10 mm long; palea slightly longer than lemma, the lemma margins exposing the palea"	Piptochaetium
155	"Lemma with 5 awns"	"Pentapogon {Pentapogon quadrifidus}"
155	"Lemma with 3 awns"	"Anisopogon {Anisopogon avenaceus}"
156	"Glumes similar in texture to and shorter than lemmas; ligule hairy to some degree"	157
156	"Glumes firmer in texture to and as long as or longer than lemmas; ligule an unfringed membrane"	158
157	"Panicle spike-like, subtended by an inflated sheath"	"Crypsis {Crypsis schoenoides}"
157	"Panicle open to contracted, without an inflated sheath"	Sporobolus
158	"Spikelets falling entire"	159
158	"Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes"	161
159	"Glumes blunt, ±united"	Alopecurus
159	"Glumes acute or awned, distinctly separate"	160
160	"Lemma 3-nerved"	"Garnotia {Garnotia stricta var. longiseta}"
160	"Lemma 5-nerved"	Polypogon
161	"Glumes swollen at base"	Gastridium
161	"Glumes not swollen at base"	162
162	"Glumes silky-woolly, much longer than lemma"	"Lagurus {Lagurus ovatus}"
162	"Glumes not silky-woolly, equal to or slightly longer than lemmas"	163
163	"Spikelets at least 9 mm long"	"Ammophila {Ammophila arenaria subsp. arenaria}"
163	"Spikelets up to 7 mm long"	164
164	"Glumes terminating abruptly, shortly awned"	165
164	"Glumes obtuse or acute, not or scarcely awned"	166
165	"Lemmas awned; inflorescence a contracted panicle"	Polypogon
165	"Lemmas not awned; inflorescence a tight spike-like panicle"	Phleum
166	"Glumes with regularly arranged hairs on keel"	Echinopogon
166	"Glumes smooth to rough on keel, without hairs"	167
167	"Lemma awns more than twice as long as lemma"	168
167	"Lemma awns, if present, less than twice as long as lemma"	169
168	Annuals	"Apera {Apera interrupta}"
168	Perennials	Dichelachne
169	"Lemmas decidedly firmer than the glumes"	Deyeuxia
169	"Lemmas less firm than the glumes"	170
170	"Glumes at least 5.5 mm long"	Calamagrostis
170	"Glumes less than 5 mm long"	171
171	"Inflorescence axis persistent; rachilla extension less than 20% of lemma length"	Agrostis
171	"Inflorescence often detaching as a diaspore; rachilla extension 30-100% of lemma length"	Lachnagrostis
172	"Spikelets breaking up above the glumes"	173
172	"Spikelets falling entire, breaking below the glumes"	174
173	"Glumes very unequal; spikelets compressed laterally"	Arundinella
173	"Glumes ±equal; spikelets compressed dorsiventrally"	Isachne
174	"Spikelets often dissimilar and usually paired, with one sessile and the other pedicelled (occasionally both pedicelled, but unequally, or in 3's with 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled) or rarely with the pedicelled spikelet reduced to the pedicel; upper lemma of sessile spikelet usually geniculately awned; glumes firm in texture"	175
174	"Spikelets all alike and usually solitary, rarely paired; upper lemma not geniculately awned; glumes usually membranous"	211
175	"Spikelets similar in shape and size, development of awns and sex; if different pedicelled spikelets awned and sessile unawned; pedicels and raceme joints slender"	176
175	"Spiklets different in shape and size, development of awns and sex; if similar, pedicels and joints thickened"	184
176	"Paired spikelets unequally pedicelled"	177
176	"Paired spikelets with at least one sessile"	179
177	"Spikelets awnless"	"Imperata {Imperata cylindrica}"
177	"Spikelets awned from apex of the upper lemma"	178
178	"Inflorescence a panicle, the racemes at least 10 cm long"	"Miscanthus {Miscanthus sinensis}"
178	"Inflorescence of subdigitate racemes up to 7 cm long"	Pseudopogonatherum
179	"Inflorescence a much branched panicle"	Saccharum
179	"Inflorescence a solitary raceme, or a digitate or subdigitate cluster of racemes"	180
180	"Spikelets in 3s, with 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled"	"Polytrias {Polytrias indica}"
180	"Spikelets in pairs (3s at apex), with 1 sessile and 1 pedicelled"	181
181	"Sessile spikelets male; pedicelled spikelets female"	Germainia
181	"Sessile and pedicelled spikelets of the same sex"	182
182	"Lower glume convex on back, not 2-keeled"	"Pogonatherum {Pogonatherum crinitum}"
182	"Lower glume flat or grooved on back,2-keeled"	183
183	"Tufted grass with silky hairs on racemes"	Eulalia
183	"Creeping grass with no hairs on racemes"	Leptatherum
184	"Rachis joints and pedicels thick, ± contiguous or fused together, forming cavities into which the spikelets are sunk"	185
184	"Rachis joints and pedicels slender, or if thickened upwards, not forming cavities"	193
185	"Sessile spikelet awned"	186
185	"Sessile spikelet awnless"	188
186	"Pedicelled spikelets reduced to naked pedicels"	"Thelepogon {Thelepogon australiensis}"
186	"Pedicelled spikelets developed"	187
187	"Pedicels ± flat"	"Sehima {Sehima nervosum}"
187	"Pedicels swollen"	Ischaemum
188	"Lower glume of sessile spikelet 2-toothed"	"Elionurus {Elionurus citreus}"
188	"Lower glume of sessile spikelet not 2-toothed"	189
189	"Spikelets in opposite rows on axis"	"Ophiuros {Ophiuros exaltatus}"
189	"Spikelets on one side of axis"	190
190	"Spikelets of each pair similar, both bisexual; rachis not fragmenting"	"Hemarthria {Hemarthria uncinata}"
190	"Spikelets of each pair dissimilar, pedicelled male or sterile or spikelets borne singly; rachis fragmenting readily"	191
191	"Lower floret of sessile spikelet male"	Rottboellia
191	"Lower floret of sessile spikelet sterile"	192
192	"Lower glume of sessile spikelet with a row of marginal spines"	Eremochloa
192	"Lower glume of sessile spikelet without marginal spines"	Mnesithea
193	"Inflorescence with spathes, spatheoles or spathe-like sheaths enclosing or subtending inflorescence"	194
193	"Inflorescences  espatheate"	202
194	"Raceme 1 jointed, reduced to 3 spikelets"	195
194	"Racemes with several joints, with more than 3 spikelets"	196
195	"Racemes in tight clusters; lemmas mucronate or shortly awned"	"Apluda {Apluda mutica}"
195	"Racemes loose and pedunculate; lemmas with long awns"	"Clausospicula {Clausospicula extensa}"
196	"Fertile spikelets ±compressed, the lower glume distinctly 2-keeled for most of its length"	197
196	"Fertile spikelets ±terete, the lower glume 2-keeled only at the tip if at all"	200
197	"Lower part of awn as wide as the lemma from which it arises"	"Spathia {Spathia neurosa}"
197	"Lower part of awn narrower than the lemma from which it arises"	198
198	"Raceme bases terete"	Andropogon
198	"Raceme bases flattened"	199
199	"Racemes paired; leaves aromatic"	Cymbopogon
199	"Racemes solitary; leaves not aromatic"	Schizachyrium
200	"Fertile spikelets not within an involucre of male or barren spikelets"	Hyparrhenia
200	"Fertile spikelets within an involucre of male or barren spikelets"	201
201	"Fertile spikelets falling with involucre or whole raceme falling as one unit; callus blunt"	Iseilema
201	"Fertile spikelets falling separately from involucres; callus pungent"	Themeda
202	"Rachis joints and pedicels with a translucent mid-line between thickened margins"	203
202	"Rachis joints and pedicels without a translucent mid-line"	204
203	"Inflorescence more than once-branched"	Capillipedium
203	"Inflorescence an arrangement of racemes on a central axis"	Bothriochloa
204	"Inflorescence of solitary, paired or subdigitate racemes"	205
204	"Inflorescence a panicle"	207
205	"Creeping plant with ovate leaves"	Arthraxon
205	"Erect plant with linear leaves"	206
206	"Fertile spikelet ±cylindrical in cross-section; callus pungent"	Heteropogon
206	"Fertile spikelet ±compressed; callus not pungent"	Dichanthium
207	"Spikelets laterally compressed"	Chrysopogon
207	"Spikelets dorsally compressed or ±cylindrical"	208
208	"Pedicelled spikelet reduced to pedicel; panicle axes not terminating in spikelets"	"Sorghastrum {Sorghastrum nutans}"
208	"Pedicelled spikelet developed, rarely reduced or suppressed but then panicle axes terminating in spikelets"	209
209	"Pedicelled spikelets reduced to narrow, linear glumes; culm nodes glabrous or pubescent, not bearded"	Vacoparis
209	"Pedicelled spikelets usually well developed, rarely greatly reduced or absent, but then culm nodes bearded with stiff hairs"	210
210	"Lemma awns of sessile spikelet absent or 1-1.5 cm long if present"	Sorghum
210	"Lemma awns of sessile spikelet 2-9 cm long"	Sarga
211	"Inflorescence a spike or spike-like raceme or digitate pair of racemes; glumes as long as or longer than the florets"	212
211	"Inflorescence otherwise or if a spike or raceme lower glume shorter than the florets"	217
212	"Inflorescence of paired racemes (with rarely a third raceme)"	Dimeria
212	"Inflorescence a single spike or raceme"	213
213	"Inflorescence a spike"	Thaumastochloa
213	"Inflorescence single raceme"	214
214	"Spikelets with distinct bristles from confluent tubercles"	Thyridolepis
214	"Spikelets with indistinct bristles from single tubercles, sometimes densely hairy"	215
215	"Plant shortly rhizomatous"	Neurachne
215	"Plant stoloniferous"	216
216	Annuals	"Thedachloa {Thedachloa annua}"
216	Perennials	"Paraneurachne {Paraneurachne muelleri}"
217	"Spikelets with awns arising from between apical lobes of upper glume and lower lemma"	Melinis
217	"Spikelets awnless or with awn arising terminally from lemmas or glumes"	218
218	"Spikelets in bunches subtended by bracts"	Xerochloa
218	"Spikelets not in bunches subtended by bracts"	219
219	"Terminal spikelets opening normally; axillary spikelets cleistogamous"	220
219	"All spikelets opening normally"	222
220	"Cleistogamous  spikelets enclosed in semi-woody to woody leaf sheath"	Calyptochloa
220	"Cleistogamous spikelets not enclosed as above"	221
221	"Lower lemma of cleistogamous spikelets woody, >0.05 mm thick"	Cleistochloa
221	"Lower lemma of cleistogamous spikelets cartilaginous,< 0.05 mm thick"	Dimorphochloa
222	"Fertile lemma densely silky hairy"	Entolasia
222	"Fertile lemma not or indistinctly hairy"	223
223	"Inflorescence with broad, flattened axis with spikelets on one or both sides"	224
223	"Inflorescence otherwise"	225
224	"Spikelets closely spaced on one side of inflorescence axis"	Stenotaphrum
224	"Spikelets in distinct clusters on both sides of inflorescence axis"	"Uranthoecium {Uranthoecium truncatum}"
225	"Inflorescence branches ending in bristle-like appendages or spikelets subtended by bristles"	226
225	"Inflorescence branches ending in spikelets which are not subtended by bristles"	233
226	"Spikelets falling at maturity without any bristles or spines attached"	227
226	"Spikelets falling at maturity with bristles or spines attached"	230
227	"Spikelets subtended by solitary bristles or an involucre of bristles"	Setaria
227	"Spikelets in racemes terminating in bristle-like appendages"	228
228	"Lower palea with wings clasping margin of upper floret"	"Holcolemma {Holcolemma dispar}"
228	"Lower palea not winged, not clasping upper floret"	229
229	"Upper lemma covered with wrinkles, as long as or longer than upper glume"	Paspalidium
229	"Upper lemma smooth, shorter than upper glume"	Pseudoraphis
230	"Spikelets completely surrounded by a ring of spines or bristles"	Cenchrus
230	"Spikelets not surrounded by spines or bristles"	231
231	"Lower glume up to 1/3 spikelet length"	"Chamaeraphis {Chamaeraphis hordeacea}"
231	"Lower glume more than 1/3 spikelet length"	232
232	"Primary inflorescence branch producing simple unbranched bristles, each accompanied by a spikelet; rachilla between the glumes not distinct; pedicels less than 0.5 mm long"	"Paractaenum {Paractaenum novae-hollandiae}"
232	"Primary inflorescence branch producing 2–3 spikelets with each spikelet subtended by branched bristles; rachilla between the glumes distinct; pedicels 1.2–3.4 mm long"	Plagiosetum
233	"Upper glume and lower lemma with hooked hairs"	Ancistrachne
233	"Upper glume and lower lemma without hooked hairs"	234
234	"Spikelet with a bead-like swelling at base"	Eriochloa
234	"Spikelet without a bead-like swelling at base"	235
235	"Upper lemma with a shallow excavation and tuft of wool at the tip"	Lasiacis
235	"Upper lemma rarely excavated and then not woolly"	236
236	"Fertile lemma less firm or similar in texture to glumes"	237
236	"Fertile lemma decidedly firmer than the glumes"	244
237	"Lower glume 2/3 spikelet length"	238
237	"Lower glume to 1/2 spikelet length or absent"	239
238	"Inflorescence branches stiff and spreading; palea notched with a central depression"	Walwhalleya
238	"Inflorescence consisting of only a few spikelets, with branches not stiff and spreading; palea apex not notched"	"Alexfloydia {Alexfloydia repens}"
239	"Upper glume mucronate to shortly awned"	Alloteropsis
239	"Upper glume obtuse to acuminate, not awned or mucronate"	240
240	"Palea of upper floret not completely clasped by lemma"	241
240	"Palea of upper floret completely clasped by lemma"	242
241	"Spikelet laterally compressed"	"Dallwatsonia {Dallwatsonia felliana}"
241	"Spikelet dorsally compressed"	Hymenachne
242	"Lower glume minute or absent; spikelet dorsally compressed"	Digitaria
242	"Lower glume c. 1/3 spikelet length; spikelet terete or ±laterally compressed"	243
243	"Lower glume minute or absent; spikelet dorsally compressed"	Digitaria
243	"Spikelet terete or ± laterally compressed"	Steinchisma
244	"Rachilla prominent between glumes and between florets"	245
244	"Rachilla not prominent between glumes and between florets; fertile florets without appendage at base"	248
245	"Rachilla swollen beneath fertile florets and usually with lateral appendages"	246
245	"Rachilla not swollen beneath fertile florets and without lateral appendages"	247
246	"Appendages fused to base of fertile floret; spikelets laterally compressed, shortly pedicelled"	"Ichnanthus {Ichnanthus pallens var. major}"
246	"Appendages, when present, free from base of fertile floret or absent; spikelets dorsally compressed, long pedicelled"	Yakirra
247	"Articulations present at the bases of spikelets, pedicels and inflorescence branches; upper glume 11-nerved"	Arthragrostis
247	"Articulations absent on pedicels and inflorescence branches; upper glume 5-7-nerved"	Whiteochloa
248	"Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle branched more than once; spikelets not grouped along one side of ultimate branches"	249
248	"Inflorescence once branched, the branches digitate or borne on elongated axis; spikelets grouped along one side of branches"	257
249	"Glumes slightly unequal in length"	250
249	"Glumes very unequal in length"	256
250	"Spikelets 4.5-6 mm long, borne at the ends of long branches"	"Homopholis {Homopholis belsonii}"
250	"Spikelets 0.2-2 mm long, on short branches"	251
251	"Lower glume absent or represented by a minute scale"	252
251	"Lower glume present"	253
252	"Lower lemma adjacent to the inflorescence axis"	Axonopus
252	"Lower lemma positioned away from the inflorescence axis"	Paspalum
253	"Spikelets awnless or mucronate"	254
253	"Spikelets distinctly awned"	255
254	"Upper lemma rugose and verrucose"	"Moorochloa {Moorochloa eruciformis}"
254	"Upper lemma smooth"	Urochloa
255	"Glumes more or less equal and similar; decumbent grass of shaded habitats"	Oplismenus
255	"Glumes very unequal and dissimilar; erect grass of wet habitats"	Echinochloa
256	"Upper glume 3-nerved; spikelets falling with glumes and compressed laterally"	Cyrtococcum
256	"Upper glume 5-9-nerved; spikelets disarticulating above glumes and compressed dorsally"	Isachne
257	"Inflorescence a spike-like panicle"	Sacciolepis
257	"Inflorescence an open panicle"	258
258	"Upper glumes somewhat shorter than spikelet"	Ottochloa
258	"Upper glume as long as spikelet"	259
259	"Fertile floret smooth and shiny"	Panicum
259	"Fertile floret transversely rugose"	260
260	"Culm base bulbous"	"Zuloagaea {Zuloagaea bulbosa}"
260	"Culm base not bulbous"	"Megathyrsus {Megathyrsus maximus}"